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Flat Eric's avatar

More complicated still, sometimes the ruler of Country A would be the lord of some territory in Country B without that territory thereby belonging to Country A in the modern sense. Things were different (try playing Crusader Kings).

This continued well into the modern era. I’ve always thought one of the nearest-miss ‘what-if’s’ of history is what would have happened had Queen Victoria of the UK been King Victor and thus continued to rule Hannover in Germany, which did not allow female succession.

It was not a British territory, but that interest would surely have complicated German reunification immensely, involving the world’s leading power directly in that process. Maybe the UK would have taken France’s side in the Franco-Prussian war? Or more likely lots of things would have been different - surely with consequences today. All because the winning sperm was XX not XY.

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David's avatar

The intertwining of "national" territories (in reality a concept that did not take its modern shape until the French Revolution) was the norm in medieval Europe, not the exception. Contiguous geographical territories ditto. I expect you'd see a lot more of it on a map that drilled down a bit further! :-)

The reason for the Belgo-Dutch situation is a bit different however. Belgium became a part of the Netherlands as an outcome of the Council of Vienna in 1815. The Dutch government, dominated as it was by a strict Calvinist orthodoxy, attempted in vain to bring the heavily Catholic Belgians under that aegis. In so doing, they eventually provoked an uprising in 1830, which--long story short--was finally settled in 1839.

As part of the settlement, borders had to be established between the Netherlands properly speaking and Belgium. The principle under which the lines were drawn was religion--NOT, you'll note, "nationality"--in that Catholic areas were assigned to Belgium and Protestant ones to the Netherlands. This in turn was an outcome of the Spanish campaign to repress the Dutch revolt back in the Middle Ages: the line between Catholic and Protestant was de facto the final line of advance of the Duke of Alva.

In a few areas, of which the one you describe is the most noteworthy, Catholics and Protestants were commingled. Since there was no subsidiary principle for the borders, the border commission simply followed the basic rule and so we have what you describe. This had some...interesting effects during WW1, when the Germans occupied Belgium but the Netherlands remained neutral (unlike in WW2).

Final note: Spain and Austria used to be jointly ruled by Philip II, and only when he abdicated in favor of his son Charles V was the division made between Spain and Hapsburg Austria.

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