<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Studying History: Historiophiles]]></title><description><![CDATA[Original articles from hosted writers that I admire and appreciate]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/s/historiophiles</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shZC!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d09400-f9b3-420f-982c-4da55b3b7c37_256x256.png</url><title>Studying History: Historiophiles</title><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/s/historiophiles</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 01:36:55 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Studying History]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[studyinghistory@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[studyinghistory@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Studying History]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Studying History]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[studyinghistory@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[studyinghistory@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Studying History]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[One Hidden Word. Six Clues. Can You Solve It?]]></title><description><![CDATA[An Etymon Puzzle Created Especially for Studying History Readers]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/one-hidden-word-six-clues-etymology-puzzle-studying-history-featuring-etymon-word-puzzles</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/one-hidden-word-six-clues-etymology-puzzle-studying-history-featuring-etymon-word-puzzles</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Etymon]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 29 Aug 2026 16:30:42 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a56de3aa-53fb-49ce-8e72-1332ce453d31_2912x1620.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B6Vd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3830f027-6694-4a25-a216-7f825110c000_2912x1620.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B6Vd!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3830f027-6694-4a25-a216-7f825110c000_2912x1620.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B6Vd!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3830f027-6694-4a25-a216-7f825110c000_2912x1620.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B6Vd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3830f027-6694-4a25-a216-7f825110c000_2912x1620.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B6Vd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3830f027-6694-4a25-a216-7f825110c000_2912x1620.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B6Vd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3830f027-6694-4a25-a216-7f825110c000_2912x1620.png" width="1456" height="810" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3830f027-6694-4a25-a216-7f825110c000_2912x1620.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:810,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:116781,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/213002859?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3830f027-6694-4a25-a216-7f825110c000_2912x1620.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B6Vd!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3830f027-6694-4a25-a216-7f825110c000_2912x1620.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B6Vd!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3830f027-6694-4a25-a216-7f825110c000_2912x1620.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B6Vd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3830f027-6694-4a25-a216-7f825110c000_2912x1620.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B6Vd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3830f027-6694-4a25-a216-7f825110c000_2912x1620.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p><a href="https://substack.com/@etymonpuzzle">Etymon </a>has created a puzzle exclusively for <a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory">Studying History</a> readers. One word hidden behind six clues drawn from its etymological history.</p><p>Each of the clues narrows the field, moving from era and origin through linguistic path, literal meaning, cognates, historical or geographical context, and word length toward the answer.</p><p>Some puzzlers achieve Solved in 1. More reach the answer at Solved in 4 or Solved in 5. Some work through to Solved in 6. You can guess after any clue. How many do you need?</p><p>When you are ready, the Answer Card button <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/213002859/answer-card">at the bottom of this post</a> will reveal the puzzle&#8217;s hidden word, etymology, and modern use on the <a href="https://etymonpuzzle.com">Etymon Substack website</a>.</p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>1. Era and origin.</strong> </p><p>The word reached English three times. It came first in Anglo-Saxon England, shortened to st&#230;r, perhaps arriving through Celtic speech. When <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38326">Bede&#8217;s chronicle</a> of the English Church, completed in 731, was translated into Old English more than a century later, it told of an illiterate cowherd, C&#230;dmon, who sang all the st&#230;r of Genesis.</p><p>Scholars of the same period borrowed it again directly from Latin, but that second form never took hold. Around the turn of the thirteenth century it returned through French, and this time it stayed. Behind the French lay Latin, and behind Latin lay Greek.</p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!07Iv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d50d1ff-bd47-4829-8177-13459125c3af_2400x2400.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!07Iv!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d50d1ff-bd47-4829-8177-13459125c3af_2400x2400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!07Iv!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d50d1ff-bd47-4829-8177-13459125c3af_2400x2400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!07Iv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d50d1ff-bd47-4829-8177-13459125c3af_2400x2400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!07Iv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d50d1ff-bd47-4829-8177-13459125c3af_2400x2400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!07Iv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d50d1ff-bd47-4829-8177-13459125c3af_2400x2400.png" width="1456" height="1456" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4d50d1ff-bd47-4829-8177-13459125c3af_2400x2400.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1456,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:135544,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/213002859?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d50d1ff-bd47-4829-8177-13459125c3af_2400x2400.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!07Iv!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d50d1ff-bd47-4829-8177-13459125c3af_2400x2400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!07Iv!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d50d1ff-bd47-4829-8177-13459125c3af_2400x2400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!07Iv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d50d1ff-bd47-4829-8177-13459125c3af_2400x2400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!07Iv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d50d1ff-bd47-4829-8177-13459125c3af_2400x2400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>2. Linguistic path. </strong></p><p>Formed first in Greek, it spread across the Greek-speaking world with the science and philosophy of Ionia, and Latin carried it on for the written account of what had happened. In French its senses fanned out. By the early twelfth century it could name the account of a single life, and by 1155 the deeds of a whole people. It returned to English around 1200, in the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ancrene-Wisse">Ancrene Riwle</a>, a guide written for three sisters preparing for lives as anchoresses, Christian recluses enclosed in cells, whose anonymous author promised to tell them tales aloud, since they were too long to write down.</p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qadp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29bc0a1f-9589-4d59-abc9-0572cdb81fcb_2400x2400.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qadp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29bc0a1f-9589-4d59-abc9-0572cdb81fcb_2400x2400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qadp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29bc0a1f-9589-4d59-abc9-0572cdb81fcb_2400x2400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qadp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29bc0a1f-9589-4d59-abc9-0572cdb81fcb_2400x2400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qadp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29bc0a1f-9589-4d59-abc9-0572cdb81fcb_2400x2400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qadp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29bc0a1f-9589-4d59-abc9-0572cdb81fcb_2400x2400.png" width="1456" height="1456" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/29bc0a1f-9589-4d59-abc9-0572cdb81fcb_2400x2400.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1456,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:137656,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/213002859?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29bc0a1f-9589-4d59-abc9-0572cdb81fcb_2400x2400.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qadp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29bc0a1f-9589-4d59-abc9-0572cdb81fcb_2400x2400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qadp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29bc0a1f-9589-4d59-abc9-0572cdb81fcb_2400x2400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qadp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29bc0a1f-9589-4d59-abc9-0572cdb81fcb_2400x2400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qadp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29bc0a1f-9589-4d59-abc9-0572cdb81fcb_2400x2400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>3. Literal meaning.</strong> </p><p>Behind the Latin lay a Greek noun for a witness. From this the Greeks formed the word for inquiry. The noun descended from a Proto-Indo-European root, *weid-, meaning &#8216;to see&#8217;, and from seeing, &#8216;to know&#8217;. Sanskrit veda means &#8216;I know&#8217;, and names the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of India, meaning &#8216;knowledge&#8217;. In Old Irish the same root gave the word for &#8216;white&#8217;, meaning what is clearly seen, and Russian took from it one verb for seeing and, in its older form, another for knowing.</p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ggww!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297db659-a8a8-4d66-8ee8-fb131995c6fe_2400x2400.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ggww!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297db659-a8a8-4d66-8ee8-fb131995c6fe_2400x2400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ggww!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297db659-a8a8-4d66-8ee8-fb131995c6fe_2400x2400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ggww!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297db659-a8a8-4d66-8ee8-fb131995c6fe_2400x2400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ggww!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297db659-a8a8-4d66-8ee8-fb131995c6fe_2400x2400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ggww!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297db659-a8a8-4d66-8ee8-fb131995c6fe_2400x2400.png" width="1456" height="1456" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/297db659-a8a8-4d66-8ee8-fb131995c6fe_2400x2400.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1456,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:138044,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/213002859?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297db659-a8a8-4d66-8ee8-fb131995c6fe_2400x2400.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ggww!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297db659-a8a8-4d66-8ee8-fb131995c6fe_2400x2400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ggww!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297db659-a8a8-4d66-8ee8-fb131995c6fe_2400x2400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ggww!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297db659-a8a8-4d66-8ee8-fb131995c6fe_2400x2400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ggww!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F297db659-a8a8-4d66-8ee8-fb131995c6fe_2400x2400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>4. Cognates.</strong> </p><p>WIT and IDEA share the same ancient root. WIT is the Old English branch, meaning understanding and intellect, and around 1200 the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_wits">wittes five</a> were the five bodily senses. Its comic edge came late, in the 1540s, and to be at one&#8217;s wit&#8217;s end is a phrase six centuries old. IDEA arrived in the late fourteenth century from Plato, where it named the perfect form of a thing, the pattern held in the mind of God, and Cicero, writing in Latin, kept the word in Greek. At its own root it meant a thing seen. One branch of the family is the mind that knows, the other the form it sees, and this word stands between them.</p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wHG8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd944cb8d-394a-4570-b5be-8d6bddf02b50_2400x2400.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wHG8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd944cb8d-394a-4570-b5be-8d6bddf02b50_2400x2400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wHG8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd944cb8d-394a-4570-b5be-8d6bddf02b50_2400x2400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wHG8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd944cb8d-394a-4570-b5be-8d6bddf02b50_2400x2400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wHG8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd944cb8d-394a-4570-b5be-8d6bddf02b50_2400x2400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wHG8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd944cb8d-394a-4570-b5be-8d6bddf02b50_2400x2400.png" width="1456" height="1456" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d944cb8d-394a-4570-b5be-8d6bddf02b50_2400x2400.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1456,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:136570,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/213002859?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd944cb8d-394a-4570-b5be-8d6bddf02b50_2400x2400.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wHG8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd944cb8d-394a-4570-b5be-8d6bddf02b50_2400x2400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wHG8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd944cb8d-394a-4570-b5be-8d6bddf02b50_2400x2400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wHG8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd944cb8d-394a-4570-b5be-8d6bddf02b50_2400x2400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wHG8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd944cb8d-394a-4570-b5be-8d6bddf02b50_2400x2400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>5. Historical or geographical context. </strong></p><p>By Shakespeare&#8217;s day it had become the name for a kind of play. When his collected works were printed in 1623, the title page divided them into comedies, tragedies, and a third kind bearing this word, the plays of the English kings.</p><p>The philosopher Thomas Hobbes defined it in 1651 as the register of the knowledge of fact. Its later life was lived in argument. Jane Austen&#8217;s young heroine in Northanger Abbey confessed she could not be interested in it, real and solemn as it was, and Oscar Wilde declared in 1890 that anybody can make it, only a great man can write it. Henry Ford, the carmaker, dismissed it in 1916 as more or less bunk, and in 1944 George Orwell observed that it was written by the winners. By 1989 it had found a new home, as the name a computer gives to a particular type of record.</p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!imSl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20384c4b-e443-459a-a555-dd2dadbd7d5f_2400x2400.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!imSl!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20384c4b-e443-459a-a555-dd2dadbd7d5f_2400x2400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!imSl!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20384c4b-e443-459a-a555-dd2dadbd7d5f_2400x2400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!imSl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20384c4b-e443-459a-a555-dd2dadbd7d5f_2400x2400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!imSl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20384c4b-e443-459a-a555-dd2dadbd7d5f_2400x2400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!imSl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20384c4b-e443-459a-a555-dd2dadbd7d5f_2400x2400.png" width="1456" height="1456" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/20384c4b-e443-459a-a555-dd2dadbd7d5f_2400x2400.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1456,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:137721,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/213002859?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20384c4b-e443-459a-a555-dd2dadbd7d5f_2400x2400.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!imSl!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20384c4b-e443-459a-a555-dd2dadbd7d5f_2400x2400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!imSl!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20384c4b-e443-459a-a555-dd2dadbd7d5f_2400x2400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!imSl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20384c4b-e443-459a-a555-dd2dadbd7d5f_2400x2400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!imSl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20384c4b-e443-459a-a555-dd2dadbd7d5f_2400x2400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>6. Word length.</strong> </p><p>Seven letters.</p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_XY-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc426572e-039e-4a75-8832-dfe471423de8_2400x2400.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_XY-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc426572e-039e-4a75-8832-dfe471423de8_2400x2400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_XY-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc426572e-039e-4a75-8832-dfe471423de8_2400x2400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_XY-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc426572e-039e-4a75-8832-dfe471423de8_2400x2400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_XY-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc426572e-039e-4a75-8832-dfe471423de8_2400x2400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_XY-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc426572e-039e-4a75-8832-dfe471423de8_2400x2400.png" width="1456" height="1456" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c426572e-039e-4a75-8832-dfe471423de8_2400x2400.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1456,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:137959,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/213002859?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc426572e-039e-4a75-8832-dfe471423de8_2400x2400.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_XY-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc426572e-039e-4a75-8832-dfe471423de8_2400x2400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_XY-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc426572e-039e-4a75-8832-dfe471423de8_2400x2400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_XY-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc426572e-039e-4a75-8832-dfe471423de8_2400x2400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_XY-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc426572e-039e-4a75-8832-dfe471423de8_2400x2400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h3>Answer Card</h3><p>Have you solved it yet? Reveal the puzzle&#8217;s hidden word, etymology, and modern use on the Etymon Substack website:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://etymonpuzzle.com/p/etymon-x-studying-history-answer-card&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Reveal Answer Card&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://etymonpuzzle.com/p/etymon-x-studying-history-answer-card"><span>Reveal Answer Card</span></a></p><div><hr></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Studying History is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Magic Mountain: Gods and Heroes of Helicon]]></title><description><![CDATA[Myths, history, and the enduring legacy of Greece&#8217;s sacred mountain of the Muses.]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-magic-mountain-gods-and-heroes-helicon-muses-dionysus-thespians-hesiod-lorrain</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-magic-mountain-gods-and-heroes-helicon-muses-dionysus-thespians-hesiod-lorrain</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Yiannis Dritsoulas]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 16:42:31 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H504!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1031c975-9b01-450b-a078-2b9a5ced16b8_984x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="preformatted-block" data-component-name="PreformattedTextBlockToDOM"><label class="hide-text" contenteditable="false">Text within this block will maintain its original spacing when published</label><pre class="text"><em><span>From the Heliconian Muses let us begin to sing

who hold the great and holy mount of Helicon

and dance on soft feet about the deep blue spring

and the altar of the almighty son of Cronos

and, when they have washed their tender bodies in Permessus

or in the Horse&#8217;s Spring or Olmeius, make their fair, lovely dances

upon highest Helicon and move with vigorous feet.</span><strong><span>&#185;</span></strong></em></pre></div><p><span>Thus begins </span><strong><span>Hesiod&#8217;s </span></strong><em><strong><a href="https://www.ime.gr/chronos/04/en/sources/main_civ.html"><span>Theogony</span></a></strong></em><span>, the epic poem to which we owe </span><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/from-nestors-cup-to-nobel-glory-greek-language-history"><span>the basis of Greek mythology</span></a><span>: the genealogy of the gods. Every Greek region has its contribution to Greek culture. However, there are certain regions that possess a mythical grandeur, a historic route and an artistic influence with a Panhellenic range and a universal appeal. On such a region we will focus today, travelling through the legends and the history of its people: the magic mountain of </span><strong><span>Helicon</span></strong><span>.</span></p><h6>(For the original version in Greek, <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/211787430/&#964;&#959;-&#956;&#945;&#947;&#953;&#954;&#959;-&#946;&#959;&#965;&#957;&#959;-&#956;&#965;&#952;&#959;&#953;-&#954;&#945;&#953;-&#951;&#961;&#969;&#949;&#962;-&#963;&#964;&#959;&#957;-&#949;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#969;&#957;&#945;">scroll to the bottom</a>)</h6><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H504!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1031c975-9b01-450b-a078-2b9a5ced16b8_984x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H504!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1031c975-9b01-450b-a078-2b9a5ced16b8_984x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H504!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1031c975-9b01-450b-a078-2b9a5ced16b8_984x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H504!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1031c975-9b01-450b-a078-2b9a5ced16b8_984x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H504!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1031c975-9b01-450b-a078-2b9a5ced16b8_984x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H504!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1031c975-9b01-450b-a078-2b9a5ced16b8_984x720.jpeg" width="984" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1031c975-9b01-450b-a078-2b9a5ced16b8_984x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:984,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:461376,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/211787430?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1031c975-9b01-450b-a078-2b9a5ced16b8_984x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H504!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1031c975-9b01-450b-a078-2b9a5ced16b8_984x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H504!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1031c975-9b01-450b-a078-2b9a5ced16b8_984x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H504!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1031c975-9b01-450b-a078-2b9a5ced16b8_984x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H504!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1031c975-9b01-450b-a078-2b9a5ced16b8_984x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Claude Lorrain, <em>Apollo and the Muses on Mount <strong>Helicon</strong></em><strong> </strong>(1680). Museum of Fine Arts Boston | <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Claude_Lorrain_Apollo_Muses.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>As all Greek mountains, Helicon was connected early on in Greek history with lots of myths. According to one of them, </span><strong><span>Helicon </span></strong><span>and </span><strong><span>Kithairon</span></strong><span>, the two mountains in south Boeotia were brothers, though utterly different in character. While Helicon was mild and gentle, caring for his elderly parents, Kithairon was envious and greedy. Coveting the family fortune, he killed his father and then pushed his brother off a cliff, killing him too. However, by doing so, he fell off the cliff and died as well.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><span>The gods transformed both brothers into mountains. Due to his disrespect, Kithairon became the home of </span><strong><span>Erinyes</span></strong><span>, the chthonic deities of retribution. The 9 </span><strong><span>Muses</span></strong><span>, the divine patrons of arts and sciences, chose Helicon as their home, due to his kind and warm character. Since then, the Muses stroll, singing and dancing, around its holy springs of Olmeius, Permessus and Horse&#8217;s Spring (which, according to some, was created by the mythical winged horse, Pegasus, hitting his hoof on the ground), inspiring the poets.</span></p><p><span>Beside the Muses, the godly mountain hosted for a short while </span><strong><span>Dionysus</span></strong><span>, the god of wine and festivity. Dionysus was the </span><a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory/note/c-314020253"><span>son of Zeus and Semeli</span></a><span>. Blinded by jealousy due to another one of Jovial&#8217;s many infidelities, Hera convinced Semeli to ask Zeus to emerge in front of her in his godly form. Zeus granted the favor and Semeli died thunderstruck, prematurely bearing his child, Dionysus. To save the child, Zeus sewed him in his thigh until 9 months passed and then handed him to Hermes, to hide him from Hera&#8217;s wrath. Hermes took Dionysus to Helicon, where he spent a happy childhood among the Muses.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F46i!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F514b00fa-3443-42c5-a6b9-fdea52a667c4_3731x4097.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F46i!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F514b00fa-3443-42c5-a6b9-fdea52a667c4_3731x4097.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F46i!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F514b00fa-3443-42c5-a6b9-fdea52a667c4_3731x4097.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F46i!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F514b00fa-3443-42c5-a6b9-fdea52a667c4_3731x4097.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F46i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F514b00fa-3443-42c5-a6b9-fdea52a667c4_3731x4097.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F46i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F514b00fa-3443-42c5-a6b9-fdea52a667c4_3731x4097.jpeg" width="3731" height="4097" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/514b00fa-3443-42c5-a6b9-fdea52a667c4_3731x4097.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:4097,&quot;width&quot;:3731,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3009401,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/211787430?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6600cb4d-de97-48df-8122-5351472c8b37_3747x5000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F46i!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F514b00fa-3443-42c5-a6b9-fdea52a667c4_3731x4097.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F46i!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F514b00fa-3443-42c5-a6b9-fdea52a667c4_3731x4097.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F46i!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F514b00fa-3443-42c5-a6b9-fdea52a667c4_3731x4097.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F46i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F514b00fa-3443-42c5-a6b9-fdea52a667c4_3731x4097.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Jacob Jordaens, <em>The Triumph of Bacchus, </em>1640. Hessen Kassel Heritage | <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_Jordaens_-_The_Triumph_of_Bacchus.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>Helicon was connected with Greek heroes as well, the most famous of whom was </span><strong><span>Hercules</span></strong><span>, born in nearby </span><strong><span>Thebes</span></strong><span>. According to tradition, as Hercules was passing by the city of Thespiae, at the foothills of Helicon, hunting a lion, he was invited by King Thespius to his palace. Honoring Hercules with his hospitality, Thespius asked a favor from the hero: to impregnate his 50 daughters. Hercules accepted and at the same night he made love to all 50 of them, fathering children with all of Thespius&#8217; daughters.</span></p><p><span>On the southern slopes of Helicon lies the ancient port of Siphae (or Tipha), birthplace of Tiphys, the hero chosen by </span><strong><span>Jason </span></strong><span>as the Argo&#8217;s helmsman. He was skilful at predicting storms and could navigate the Argo by the stars and the sun&#8217;s course. He managed to guide the Argo through the Clashing Rocks (Symplegades), but died in the land of the Mariandyni, before reaching Colchis.</span></p><p><span>All these myths from Bronze and Early Iron Age reflect aspects of early Boeotian history. Heliconian people were skilful farmers and wine growers. They saw love as a divine power giving birth to all living creatures and through love they explained their mountain&#8217;s dense vegetation. In Thespiae, Helicon&#8217;s major city, stood a temple of </span><strong><span>Eros</span></strong><span>, a place of panhellenic pilgrimage, as well as a temple of </span><strong><span>Aphrodite</span></strong><span>. The Boeotians were also considered great shipbuilders, as the Argo was crafted in Siphae before being presented to Jason in Iolkos.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qa6E!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e6f0266-5597-43e9-a45a-afa549ddee4e_960x1250.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qa6E!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e6f0266-5597-43e9-a45a-afa549ddee4e_960x1250.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qa6E!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e6f0266-5597-43e9-a45a-afa549ddee4e_960x1250.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qa6E!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e6f0266-5597-43e9-a45a-afa549ddee4e_960x1250.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qa6E!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e6f0266-5597-43e9-a45a-afa549ddee4e_960x1250.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qa6E!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e6f0266-5597-43e9-a45a-afa549ddee4e_960x1250.jpeg" width="960" height="1250" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4e6f0266-5597-43e9-a45a-afa549ddee4e_960x1250.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1250,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:255083,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/211787430?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8b7bc55-7824-44b9-8189-db44516430ec_960x1440.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qa6E!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e6f0266-5597-43e9-a45a-afa549ddee4e_960x1250.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qa6E!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e6f0266-5597-43e9-a45a-afa549ddee4e_960x1250.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qa6E!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e6f0266-5597-43e9-a45a-afa549ddee4e_960x1250.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qa6E!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e6f0266-5597-43e9-a45a-afa549ddee4e_960x1250.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Group of Aphrodite, Pan and Eros</em>. Parian marble. Found in the &#8220;House of the Poseidoniastai of Beirut&#8221;, in Delos island. The nude goddess Aphrodite attempts to fend off the goat-footed god Pan who makes erotic advances to her. She holds her sandal threateningly in her right hand, while the winged god Eros comes to her aid.  c. 100 B.C. <a href="http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/4/eh430.jsp?obj_id=5442">National Archaeological Museum of Athens</a> </figcaption></figure></div><p><span>Helicon&#8217;s radiance soon transcended the borders of the Greek world. </span><strong><span>Ovid</span></strong><span>, in his </span><em><a href="https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/literature-and-writing/metamorphoses-ovid"><span>Metamorphoses</span></a></em><span>, mentioned the myth of the </span><a href="https://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/trans/Metamorph5.htm"><span>Pierides </span></a><span>(the daughters of King Pierus) who competed with the 9 Muses on Helicon in singing, only to lose and be transformed into magpies. </span><strong><a href="https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Italian/DantPurg1to7.php"><span>Dante Alighieri</span></a></strong><span> called upon Helicon&#8217;s springs to overflow and give him strength to write. </span><strong><span>John Milton</span></strong><span>, in his </span><em><a href="https://milton.host.dartmouth.edu/reading_room/pl/intro/text.shtml"><span>Paradise Lost</span></a></em><span>, asks his own Muse to fly over Helicon, attempting in this way to show that Christian inspiration is superior to that of the ancient Greeks.</span></p><p><span>Boeotia was inhabited by the first Greek tribes migrating down into the Greek mainland. The </span><strong><span>Mycenaean kingdoms</span></strong><span> of Thebes and Orchomenos fought for dominance over this region, placing great importance on controlling the southern coast. With the emergence of city-states, Boeotia was divided into several independent ones, the most powerful of which was Thebes. Soon after, the Boeotians founded a confederation (Koinon), the Boeotian League, possibly the first league of its kind in Greek history.</span></p><p><span>In Helicon, most important city was </span><strong><span>Thespiae</span></strong><span>, which ruled over the smaller nearby towns Ascre (hometown of Hesiod), Lefktra, Thisvi and over the small Corinthian gulf ports of Korsiae (today Hostia), Sifai (today Alyki) and Kreusis (today Livadostra). Thespians fortified all ports in the Corinthian Gulf: the ruins of these fortifications can be seen even today.</span></p><p><span>Relations between the League members were not always smooth. First </span><strong><span>Plataea</span></strong><span>, and then </span><strong><span>Thespiae</span></strong><span>, disagreed or left the League, not being able to tolerate Thebes&#8217; harsh leadership. This breach resulted in different strategies during the Persian Wars. While Thebes submitted to the Persians, &#8220;</span><em><span>giving earth and water</span></em><span>&#8221;, Plataea and Thespiae fought alongside the rest of the Greeks against the invaders. The Plataeans fought alongside the Athenians at the </span><strong><span>Battle of Marathon</span></strong><span> in 490 BC.</span></p><p><span>The case of the Thespians, though, is even more remarkable. During the </span><strong><span>Battle of Thermopylae</span></strong><span> in 480 BC, after the Persians passed behind Greek lines through the Anopaia Path, the Spartan king</span><strong><span> Leonidas</span></strong><span> urged the rest of the Greek army to flee before being surrounded. The only Greek warriors who refused to leave were the seer Megistias (who had foreseen his death) and the </span><strong><span>700 Thespians</span></strong><span> under General Demophilus, who declared that they would not abandon the Spartans.</span></p><p><span>During Thermopylae&#8217;s last stand, </span><strong><span>all the Thespians were killed</span></strong><span>. The Persian army conquered Boeotia and sacked Thespiae. This, however, didn&#8217;t prevent the Thespians from sending a new army the following year (479 BC) to fight alongside the other Greeks at the </span><strong><span>Battle of Plataea</span></strong><span>, </span>ultimately helping to defeat and oust the Persians from mainland Greece.</p><p><span>While the </span><strong><span>300 Spartans</span></strong><span> received justified glory for their bravery and self-sacrifice, the </span><strong><span>700 Thespians</span></strong><span> remained in their shadow. Although no law (like the Spartan ethos to &#8220;</span><em><span>return either with your shield or on it</span></em><span>&#8221;) compelled them to stand, their self-sacrifice was largely ignored. However, the most eloquent recognition comes from a foreigner, the Scottish poet </span><strong><span>Norman Cameron </span></strong><span>(1905-1953), who wrote the poem &#8220;</span><em><span>The Thespians at Thermopylae</span></em><span>&#8221; in their honor.</span></p><p><span>Even though Heliconian soldiers didn&#8217;t have the much deserved glory, Helicon was famous for its poets. Hesiod was born in Ascra, a little town near the valley of the Muses. His father had fled the coastal city of Cyme, in Asia Minor, possibly financially ruined. Hesiod became the father of the so called &#8220;</span><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/from-nestors-cup-to-nobel-glory-greek-language-history"><span>didactic epic poetry</span></a><span>&#8221;, leaving to us, amongst others, the long poems &#8220;</span><em><span>Theogony</span></em><span>&#8221; and &#8220;</span><em><span>Works and Days</span></em><span>&#8221;.</span></p><p><span>He was the first poet ever to reveal his name and life details in his poems. What is more, he is the only one, who (according to tradition) defeated the great </span><strong><span>Homer </span></strong><span>in a poetic competition, winning a tripod and dedicating it to the Muses. Although Homer&#8217;s poems are a bit earlier than those of Hesiod, meaning the two poets could not possibly have met, let us Heliconians believe that tale&#8230;</span></p><p><span>What remains today of Helicon&#8217;s magic? Why should its history matter to us, wherever we come from? The answer is simple: Helicon and its people are a microcosm of every region, of all people. It is a place that, without dominating Greek history, left a clear mark not only on Greek culture but on the </span><strong><span>world&#8217;s heritage</span></strong><span>, with its ancient cities, myths, poets, and warriors.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0af43fc9-0bec-445b-9a61-873e3b2edd47_5000x4104.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0af43fc9-0bec-445b-9a61-873e3b2edd47_5000x4104.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0af43fc9-0bec-445b-9a61-873e3b2edd47_5000x4104.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0af43fc9-0bec-445b-9a61-873e3b2edd47_5000x4104.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0af43fc9-0bec-445b-9a61-873e3b2edd47_5000x4104.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0af43fc9-0bec-445b-9a61-873e3b2edd47_5000x4104.jpeg" width="5000" height="4104" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0af43fc9-0bec-445b-9a61-873e3b2edd47_5000x4104.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:4104,&quot;width&quot;:5000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1999816,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/211787430?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcd72429f-793b-455b-801f-ac05287e3abc_5000x5000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0af43fc9-0bec-445b-9a61-873e3b2edd47_5000x4104.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0af43fc9-0bec-445b-9a61-873e3b2edd47_5000x4104.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0af43fc9-0bec-445b-9a61-873e3b2edd47_5000x4104.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YTU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0af43fc9-0bec-445b-9a61-873e3b2edd47_5000x4104.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The Palaiovouna peak of Mount Helicon, standing at 1,749 m above the Corinthian Gulf | Photo: @<a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DO1X5QliHKa/?igsh=N3lqMDZkeGZtODFy&amp;igsi=N3lqMDZkeGZtODFy">mountain_berseker</a>/IG</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>Today, Helicon is largely ignored. Despite the great efforts of </span><strong><span>archaeologists </span></strong><span>to excavate and preserve the castles and ruins of its ancient cities, research is slow due to a lack of funding. This text is dedicated to these archaeologists as a small token of appreciation.</span></p><p><span>Just as we began this text on Helicon poetically, we will also end it in the same way, with the words of the Scottish poet </span><strong><span>Norman Cameron</span></strong><span> on the Heliconian warriors:</span></p><div class="preformatted-block" data-component-name="PreformattedTextBlockToDOM"><label class="hide-text" contenteditable="false">Text within this block will maintain its original spacing when published</label><pre class="text"><em><span>The honours that the people give always

Pass to those use-besotted gentlemen

Whose numskull courage is a kind of fear,

A fear of thought and of the oafish mothers

(&#8216;Or with your shield or on it&#8217;) in their rear.

Spartans cannot retreat. Why, then, their praise

For going forward should be less than others.

But we, actors and critics of one play,

Of sober-witted judgment, who could see

So many roads, and chose the Spartan way,

What has the popular report to say

Of us, the Thespians at Thermopylae?</span><strong><span>&#178;</span></strong></em></pre></div><p><strong>About the Author</strong>: <span class="mention-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Yiannis Dritsoulas&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:537450021,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;user&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:null,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bbbbd9cc-7316-43ed-b7c7-50d4a3df6b96_144x144.png&quot;,&quot;uuid&quot;:&quot;27afe969-0d21-45e8-9b8f-9d36b8cd3a9c&quot;}" data-component-name="MentionToDOM"></span> is a lawyer, an archaeologist, and the co-founder and editor of <a href="http://lavyrinthos.gr">lavyrinthos.gr</a>, a history website. He is also a published author of a book and several articles on banking law.</p><p><strong>&#185;</strong>Hesiod, <em>Theogony</em>. English translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White. Published online by the Foundation of the Hellenic World (<a href="https://www.ime.gr/chronos/04/en/sources/main_civ.html">IME</a>)</p><p><strong>&#178;</strong>Cameron, Norman. <em>The Thespians at Thermopylae, </em>The Collected Poems of Norman Cameron. London: The Hogarth Press, 1957. Published online by <em><a href="http://davidsuttonpoetry.com">davidsuttonpoetry.com</a></em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">Studying History</a>, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><h6>(&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#964;&#959; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;)</h6><h4>&#932;&#959; &#924;&#945;&#947;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#914;&#959;&#965;&#957;&#972;: &#924;&#973;&#952;&#959;&#953; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#905;&#961;&#969;&#949;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#917;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#974;&#957;&#945;</h4><p><em>&#924;&#949; &#964;&#953;&#962; &#917;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#969;&#957;&#953;&#940;&#948;&#949;&#962; 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490 &#960;.&#935;.</p><p>&#919; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#943;&#960;&#964;&#969;&#963;&#951; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#920;&#949;&#963;&#960;&#953;&#941;&#969;&#957;, &#972;&#956;&#969;&#962;, &#960;&#945;&#961;&#959;&#965;&#963;&#953;&#940;&#950;&#949;&#953; &#953;&#948;&#953;&#945;&#943;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#959; &#949;&#957;&#948;&#953;&#945;&#966;&#941;&#961;&#959;&#957;. &#922;&#945;&#964;&#940; &#964;&#951; &#948;&#953;&#940;&#961;&#954;&#949;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#956;&#940;&#967;&#951;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#953;&#962; &#920;&#949;&#961;&#956;&#959;&#960;&#973;&#955;&#949;&#962; &#964;&#959; 480 &#960;.&#935;., &#956;&#949;&#964;&#940; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#940;&#955;&#951;&#968;&#951; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#913;&#957;&#959;&#960;&#960;&#945;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#945;&#964;&#961;&#945;&#960;&#959;&#973; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#928;&#941;&#961;&#963;&#949;&#962;, &#959; &#946;&#945;&#963;&#953;&#955;&#953;&#940;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#931;&#960;&#940;&#961;&#964;&#951;&#962; 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&#948;&#953;&#954;&#945;&#953;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#947;&#951;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#951; &#948;&#972;&#958;&#945; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#945;&#957;&#948;&#961;&#949;&#943;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#959;&#952;&#965;&#963;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962;, &#959;&#953; 700 &#920;&#949;&#963;&#960;&#953;&#949;&#943;&#962; &#941;&#956;&#949;&#953;&#957;&#945;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#951; &#963;&#954;&#953;&#940; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962;. &#913;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#954;&#945;&#957;&#941;&#957;&#945;&#962; &#957;&#972;&#956;&#959;&#962; &#171;<em>&#942; &#964;&#945;&#957; &#942; &#949;&#960;&#943; &#964;&#945;&#962;</em>&#187; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#949;&#960;&#941;&#946;&#945;&#955;&#949; &#957;&#945; &#956;&#949;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#957;, &#951; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#959;&#952;&#965;&#963;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#945;&#947;&#957;&#969;&#961;&#943;&#963;&#952;&#951;&#954;&#949;. &#919; &#960;&#953;&#959; &#949;&#973;&#947;&#955;&#969;&#964;&#964;&#951; &#945;&#957;&#945;&#947;&#957;&#974;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#951; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#947;&#949;&#957;&#957;&#945;&#953;&#972;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#940;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#941;&#961;&#967;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#941;&#957;&#945;&#957; &#958;&#941;&#957;&#959;: &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#959; &#931;&#954;&#969;&#964;&#963;&#941;&#950;&#959; &#960;&#959;&#953;&#951;&#964;&#942; Norman Cameron (1905-1953), &#959; &#959;&#960;&#959;&#943;&#959;&#962; &#941;&#947;&#961;&#945;&#968;&#949; &#947;&#953;&#8217; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#959;&#973;&#962; &#964;&#959; &#960;&#959;&#943;&#951;&#956;&#945; &#8220;<em>The Thespians at Thermopyla</em>e&#8221;.</p><p>&#913;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#959;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#949;&#956;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#941;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#949;&#943;&#967;&#945;&#957; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#945;&#943;&#947;&#955;&#951; &#960;&#959;&#965; 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