<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Studying History]]></title><description><![CDATA["This is the display of inquiry, so that the deeds of men may not be forgotten by time." ]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shZC!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d09400-f9b3-420f-982c-4da55b3b7c37_256x256.png</url><title>Studying History</title><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 20:15:26 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Studying History]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[studyinghistory@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[studyinghistory@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Studying History]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Studying History]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[studyinghistory@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[studyinghistory@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Studying History]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[How the 1821 Greek Revolution Changed the World]]></title><description><![CDATA[Shattering empires: The political earthquake that broke the old world order.]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/how-the-1821-greek-revolution-changed</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/how-the-1821-greek-revolution-changed</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2026 22:25:28 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8cc85dfe-dbc7-4e20-8996-c09905ca7a0d_750x533.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Greece has the unique distinction of celebrating the start of war on both its national holidays, March 25th and October 28th, rather than the end, as is customary in most countries. We discussed October 28th and Greece&#8217;s entry into World War II just a few months ago in <em><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-invader">The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Invader</a></em>. March 25th commemorates the start of the Greek Revolution in 1821. To be precise, the Greeks had begun hostilities a few days earlier in the Peloponnese (and <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/lighting-the-fuse">a few weeks before in Moldavia-Wallachia</a>, today&#8217;s Romania), but in 1838, the government of King Otto I (a Bavarian) established March 25th as the national holiday by decree, as it coincides with a major religious feast, the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary.</p><p>For the global significance of the Greek Revolution and the subsequent creation of the Greek state&#8212;the first national state in Europe&#8212;we&#8217;ve also talked in the past, but today Sir Roderick Beaton will take us through it. He&#8217;s the English academic I turn to as a source whenever I want to write about modern Greek history, along with Thomas Gallant and other Anglo-Saxon scholars&#8212;there&#8217;s a special magic in learning your country&#8217;s history from foreigners, because while they love Greece, they present its history without any sentimentality, objectively pinpointing the flaws of the Greeks.</p><p>Without further ado,<strong> </strong>Sir<strong> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Beaton">Roderick Macleod</a></strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Beaton"> </a><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Beaton">Beaton</a>*</strong>,<strong> </strong>for <strong><a href="https://www.greece-is.com/why-the-1821-greek-revolution-changed-the-world/">Greece Is</a>.</strong></p><h6>(you can find the text in Greek below)</h6><h4>Few realize the importance of the Greek Revolution of 1821 for the creation of nation states in Europe and around the world.</h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QPxb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c942228-a2a2-46ef-997e-9195fcda7717_750x533.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QPxb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c942228-a2a2-46ef-997e-9195fcda7717_750x533.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QPxb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c942228-a2a2-46ef-997e-9195fcda7717_750x533.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QPxb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c942228-a2a2-46ef-997e-9195fcda7717_750x533.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QPxb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c942228-a2a2-46ef-997e-9195fcda7717_750x533.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QPxb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c942228-a2a2-46ef-997e-9195fcda7717_750x533.jpeg" width="750" height="533" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5c942228-a2a2-46ef-997e-9195fcda7717_750x533.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:533,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:74198,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/191978173?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c942228-a2a2-46ef-997e-9195fcda7717_750x533.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QPxb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c942228-a2a2-46ef-997e-9195fcda7717_750x533.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QPxb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c942228-a2a2-46ef-997e-9195fcda7717_750x533.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QPxb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c942228-a2a2-46ef-997e-9195fcda7717_750x533.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QPxb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c942228-a2a2-46ef-997e-9195fcda7717_750x533.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Theodoros Vryzakis, <em>Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi</em> (c. 1861) | <a href="https://www.nationalgallery.gr/en/">National Gallery of Greece</a>. Lord Byron arrived in Missolonghi, Greece, on January 5, 1824, as agent of the London Greek Committee to aid the War of Independence against the Ottomans. Motivated by philhellenism, he funded the revolution, organized forces, and sought Greek unity&#8212;though he died of fever just months later.</figcaption></figure></div><p>The 1821 Greek Revolution<strong> </strong>was the <strong>first national-liberal movement</strong> to succeed in the Old World of Europe &#8211; <em>after</em> that in the United States, more or less at the same time as similar liberation movements in South America (between 1811 and 1825), and <em>before </em>every one of the new nation-states that would soon become the norm throughout Europe emerged.</p><p>The ideological groundwork had been laid &#8211; mostly by thinkers writing in French and German &#8211; during the previous century. Greeks didn&#8217;t <em>invent</em> the nation-state. But it was in Greece and by Greeks that the experiment was first put into practice in Europe.</p><p>The French Revolution, which began in 1789, would more famously transform the political life of the continent, and perhaps of the world, in the long run. But after the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte, and after the Congress of Vienna had established an international order for the whole European continent in 1815, it looked very much as though the clock had been turned back to before 1789.</p><p>It was the revolution in Greece<strong>,</strong> that broke out in the spring of 1821, that began to change all that. The outcome of the Greek Revolution was the pivotal point on which the whole geopolitical map of Europe tilted away from the eighteenth-century model of multi-ethnic, autocratically ruled empires and towards the twentieth-century model of the <strong>self-determination of nation-states.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BEpJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa405d6af-d2ac-4332-a93e-ad72e11099b6_959x1202.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BEpJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa405d6af-d2ac-4332-a93e-ad72e11099b6_959x1202.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BEpJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa405d6af-d2ac-4332-a93e-ad72e11099b6_959x1202.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BEpJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa405d6af-d2ac-4332-a93e-ad72e11099b6_959x1202.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BEpJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa405d6af-d2ac-4332-a93e-ad72e11099b6_959x1202.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BEpJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa405d6af-d2ac-4332-a93e-ad72e11099b6_959x1202.jpeg" width="959" height="1202" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BEpJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa405d6af-d2ac-4332-a93e-ad72e11099b6_959x1202.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BEpJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa405d6af-d2ac-4332-a93e-ad72e11099b6_959x1202.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BEpJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa405d6af-d2ac-4332-a93e-ad72e11099b6_959x1202.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BEpJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa405d6af-d2ac-4332-a93e-ad72e11099b6_959x1202.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Eug&#232;ne Delacroix</em>&#8206;&#8206; (1798-1863), <em>La Gr&#232;ce sur les ruines de Missolonghi</em>, 1826, The famous painting, on loan from Bordeaux Museum of Fine Arts, France, will be displayed at the <a href="https://archaeologicalmuseums.gr/en/museum/62175095cefcca01f73b5bc0/xenokrateion-archaeological-museum-of-the-sacred-city-of-mesolongi">Xenokrateio Archaeological Museum</a> of Messolonghi from mid-March to late November 2026. This temporary exhibition honors Greece&#8217;s 1821 Revolution legacy.</figcaption></figure></div><h4>The London Protocol and the Birth of a Nation</h4><p>One key date and event has often been overlooked or downplayed, even in histories of the Greek Revolution. The decisive moment came on 3 February 1830. It happened not on the battlefield or even in Greece at all, but in a dry conclave of dignitaries held at the British Foreign Office on Whitehall.</p><p>On that day the foreign ministers of Great Britain, France and Russia signed a document known as the<strong> &#8220;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Protocol_(1830)">London protocol</a>&#8221;</strong>. It declared, for the first time: &#8220;<em>Greece will form an independent State, and will enjoy all those rights &#8211; political, administrative, and commercial &#8211; attached to complete independence</em>&#8221;.</p><p>Greece (or Hellas/Ellada in Greek) was born at that moment and took its place on the political map of Europe. The Revolution wasn&#8217;t yet over &#8211; because it would take another two years for all the details to be worked out, including frontiers and the system of government. But<strong> that date in February 1830</strong> marks the turning point.</p><p>After that, the list of new European states created on the same model is a long one: Belgium in 1831, Germany and Italy in 1871, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro in 1878, Bulgaria in 1908, Ireland in 1922, Turkey in 1923, to say nothing of the broader redrawing of the map of the continent in the wake of the two world wars and the Cold War of the twentieth century.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hDUp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe219b486-9617-47ed-8ae5-1b27a9fb0029_880x1030.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hDUp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe219b486-9617-47ed-8ae5-1b27a9fb0029_880x1030.jpeg" width="880" height="1030" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hDUp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe219b486-9617-47ed-8ae5-1b27a9fb0029_880x1030.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hDUp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe219b486-9617-47ed-8ae5-1b27a9fb0029_880x1030.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hDUp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe219b486-9617-47ed-8ae5-1b27a9fb0029_880x1030.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hDUp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe219b486-9617-47ed-8ae5-1b27a9fb0029_880x1030.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Theodoros P. Vryzakis (1814-1878), <em>The Death of Markos Botsaris</em>, 1856-1860 | <a href="https://phmus.org/portfolio-item/thanatos-m-botsari/">Museum of Philhellenism</a>. <strong>Markos Botsaris</strong> was a renowned Souliote captain and military leader in the Greek War of Independence, famously falling at Karpenisi in 1823. Abroad, especially in France, he became a towering Philhellenic icon. European artists like Delacroix and poets like Victor Hugo immortalized him as the ultimate romantic martyr for freedom. His legendary status swept across Europe and the Americas. <strong>In Paris, both a street and a Metro station (Botzaris) proudly bear his name</strong>. His heroic death inspired countless theatrical plays in France and Germany, and American philhellenes even named children and towns after him, cementing his legacy as the ultimate international symbol of the Greek struggle for independence.</figcaption></figure></div><h4>An Exceptional Nation State</h4><p>The simple fact of this achievement has been missed by historians of Europe, and of the world, because their focus has always been on the bigger players further north and west: France, Germany, Italy.</p><p>For quite different reasons, this aspect of the Greek Revolution has also not, so far as I know, been properly recognized by Greek historians either. According to the well-established historical narrative that was consolidated by Spyridon Zambelios and Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos in the 1850s and 1860s, but goes back to the time of the Revolution, <strong>Greece was different</strong>. Greece was a <em>special case.</em></p><p>Historians call this approach &#8220;exceptionalism&#8221;. Exceptionalism isn&#8217;t unique to Greece and Greeks. Far from it, that&#8217;s the thing about exceptionalism &#8211; actually, <em>everybody </em>does it.</p><p>The Greeks, so the story goes, had formed a nation since ancient times; the struggles of the 1820s had been about <strong>restoring</strong> that nation to its former, rightful condition; at the time and often thereafter, Greek independence would regularly be described as the &#8220;revival&#8221;, &#8220;regeneration&#8221;, or even &#8220;resurrection&#8221; of the ancient Hellenic civilization.</p><p>But the truth is that it wasn&#8217;t a restoration at all. The Greek nation-state that we know and love today and which was created out of the Revolution of the 1820s, is <strong>like nothing that had ever existed previously</strong> in the three-and-a-half-thousand-year history of the Greeks, as we know it through records preserved in their language.</p><p>The ancients, with their fixation on the &#8220;autonomy&#8221; of self-governing, mostly small city-states, never managed to make that leap. The Byzantine state, for all its fabled wealth, power and geographical reach, was something else again, and certainly never chose to define itself <strong>as &#8220;Hellas&#8221; or its people as &#8220;Hellenes&#8221;</strong>, as Greeks have done since 1821.</p><p>The nation-state that became a reality during the 1820s and 1830s was every bit as much of a novelty for Greeks &#8211; even if you accept the argument of Greek exceptionalism &#8211; as it was for the rest of the European continent at the time.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qxHu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcae740a6-bc14-42f5-a79c-9c5684b48f2d_960x600.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qxHu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcae740a6-bc14-42f5-a79c-9c5684b48f2d_960x600.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qxHu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcae740a6-bc14-42f5-a79c-9c5684b48f2d_960x600.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qxHu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcae740a6-bc14-42f5-a79c-9c5684b48f2d_960x600.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qxHu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcae740a6-bc14-42f5-a79c-9c5684b48f2d_960x600.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qxHu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcae740a6-bc14-42f5-a79c-9c5684b48f2d_960x600.jpeg" width="960" height="600" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cae740a6-bc14-42f5-a79c-9c5684b48f2d_960x600.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:600,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:49226,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/191978173?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcae740a6-bc14-42f5-a79c-9c5684b48f2d_960x600.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qxHu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcae740a6-bc14-42f5-a79c-9c5684b48f2d_960x600.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qxHu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcae740a6-bc14-42f5-a79c-9c5684b48f2d_960x600.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qxHu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcae740a6-bc14-42f5-a79c-9c5684b48f2d_960x600.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qxHu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcae740a6-bc14-42f5-a79c-9c5684b48f2d_960x600.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Konstantinos Volanakis (1837&#8211;1907), <em>The Landing of Karaiskakis at Faliro</em>, 1895 | <a href="https://museum.bankofgreece.gr/en/objects/details/1575?ctx=981b0928d4133b8254d57dbb926c4c0a2826c749&amp;idx=4">Bank of Greece collection</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>What made the Greek Revolution truly exceptional was that from the very start,<strong> it was never a matter for Greeks alone</strong>. In the very first declaration of independence, issued by <strong>Alexandros Ypsilantis</strong> at Jassy in Mold&#959;-Vlahia on 24 February, under the headline <strong>&#8220;</strong><em><strong>Fight for Faith and Fatherland</strong></em><strong>&#8221;</strong>, the call went out to the &#8220;enlightened peoples of Europe&#8221;, who, &#8220;<em>full of gratitude for the benefits bequeathed by our Ancestors to themselves, eagerly await the liberty of the Hellenes</em>&#8221;.</p><p>A month later, in Kalamata, the leader of the Maniates, <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-assassination-of-a-nations-hope">Petrobey Mavromichalis</a>, addressed this appeal, which was published in several languages:</p><p>&#8220;<em>We invoke therefore the aid of all the civilized nations of Europe, that we may the more promptly attain to the goal of a just and sacred enterprise, reconquer our rights, and regenerate our unfortunate people</em>.&#8221;</p><p>The Revolution ultimately succeeded, after great sacrifices, because the wisest and most far-sighted of the Greek leaders during the 1820s saw the advantages of internationalizing their struggle. In this way, and through astute Greek diplomacy, the three great maritime powers of the day, Great Britain, France and Russia, became drawn into a conflict in which none of the three could afford to allow an advantage to either of the others.</p><p>When the three powers agreed in the spring of 1827 to send a joint naval taskforce into the Aegean, charged with enforcing a truce between the Greek revolutionaries and the Ottoman forces ranged against them, it was no surprise that the Greeks welcomed this sign of military intervention, while the Ottomans repudiated it. The unintended consequence was <strong>the battle of Navarino</strong>, which took place on 20 October that year.</p><p>The combined Ottoman and Egyptian fleets were all but destroyed by the guns of the British, French and Russian warships. It was a supreme victory for Greek diplomacy &#8211; since very few Greeks even had to take part, and very few Greek lives were lost.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_mdJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f8fc6fb-92e9-45d0-866d-045d4c85b127_960x600.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_mdJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f8fc6fb-92e9-45d0-866d-045d4c85b127_960x600.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_mdJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f8fc6fb-92e9-45d0-866d-045d4c85b127_960x600.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_mdJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f8fc6fb-92e9-45d0-866d-045d4c85b127_960x600.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_mdJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f8fc6fb-92e9-45d0-866d-045d4c85b127_960x600.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_mdJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f8fc6fb-92e9-45d0-866d-045d4c85b127_960x600.jpeg" width="960" height="600" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2f8fc6fb-92e9-45d0-866d-045d4c85b127_960x600.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:600,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:52316,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/191978173?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f8fc6fb-92e9-45d0-866d-045d4c85b127_960x600.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_mdJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f8fc6fb-92e9-45d0-866d-045d4c85b127_960x600.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_mdJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f8fc6fb-92e9-45d0-866d-045d4c85b127_960x600.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_mdJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f8fc6fb-92e9-45d0-866d-045d4c85b127_960x600.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_mdJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f8fc6fb-92e9-45d0-866d-045d4c85b127_960x600.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Carlo Belgioioso (1815&#8211;1881), <em>The flight of Greeks from Parga</em>, 19th c. | <a href="https://www.benaki.org/index.php?lang=en">Benaki Museum</a> </figcaption></figure></div><p><strong>*Freedom</strong></p><p>From that day, the success of the Greek Revolution was assured. But of course this came at a cost: the eventual settlement had been taken out of Greek hands. It was now up to the three Great Powers to find a resolution. And so that protocol came to be signed in London, on 3 February 1830.</p><p>The powers had already decided that the new state must be a <strong>monarchy</strong>, not a republic as its provisional constitution had declared. <strong>Prince Otto</strong>, the second son of the philhellene King of Bavaria, Ludwig I, was named as its first king (e.n. <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-assassination-of-a-nations-hope">after the assassination of its first Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias</a>). Frontiers for the kingdom were determined at the same time. These included only the southern half of mainland Greece as it is today, and those islands closest to it in the Aegean. Neither the Greeks nor the Ottomans had any say in these decisions.</p><p>At the time and for long afterwards, even today, many Greeks have felt sore at this outcome. What had been won fell some way short of the absolute ideal of <strong>&#8220;</strong><em><strong>Liberty or Death</strong></em><strong>&#8221;</strong> that so many had fought and died for. On the other hand, the revolution had begun with those appeals to the conscience of Europe. And if the outcome had little to do with conscience, and everything to do with geopolitical calculation, it also firmly integrated the newly independent state into the evolving geopolitics of the continent, and indeed of the wider world.</p><p>Greece is not alone, among theoretically and legally &#8220;sovereign&#8221; states, in having so often been obliged to surrender some elements of its sovereignty in return for the security of alliances with others, or for the sake of &#8220;protection&#8221; by others that are larger and stronger. In practice, in the modern world, <em>all </em>independent states do this, to varying degrees. This is why &#8220;America First&#8221; and Brexit have brought such havoc, and so little of the promised gains, to their respective nations.</p><p>When the future king, <strong>Prince Otto</strong>, arrived at Nafplio aboard a British warship on 6 February 1833, to a rapturous reception on the shore, the event marked a double first: the first Greek <em>state </em>in all the long history of the Greeks; and the first <em>new</em> nation-state to follow the example of the Americas and win recognition in the Old World of Europe.</p><p><em><strong>*</strong> Sir <strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Beaton">Roderick Macleod</a></strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Beaton"> </a><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Beaton">Beaton</a> </strong>(<a href="mailto:rod.beaton@kcl.ac.uk">rod.beaton@kcl.ac.uk</a>), FBA, FKC (born 29 September 1951) is a retired academic. He was a Professor of Modern Greek and Byzantine History, Language and Literature at King&#8217;s College London from 1988 to 2018.</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5ehr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F274eeb7f-4b26-4bca-836f-14a5c29ec3ce_728x486.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5ehr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F274eeb7f-4b26-4bca-836f-14a5c29ec3ce_728x486.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5ehr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F274eeb7f-4b26-4bca-836f-14a5c29ec3ce_728x486.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5ehr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F274eeb7f-4b26-4bca-836f-14a5c29ec3ce_728x486.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5ehr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F274eeb7f-4b26-4bca-836f-14a5c29ec3ce_728x486.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5ehr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F274eeb7f-4b26-4bca-836f-14a5c29ec3ce_728x486.jpeg" width="728" height="486" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5ehr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F274eeb7f-4b26-4bca-836f-14a5c29ec3ce_728x486.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5ehr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F274eeb7f-4b26-4bca-836f-14a5c29ec3ce_728x486.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5ehr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F274eeb7f-4b26-4bca-836f-14a5c29ec3ce_728x486.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5ehr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F274eeb7f-4b26-4bca-836f-14a5c29ec3ce_728x486.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Ludovico Lipparini (1802&#8211;1856), <em>The Oath of Lord Byron in Missolonghi</em>,  1850 | <a href="https://nhmuseum.gr/en/departments/into-the-museum-s-collection/item/6313-lordbyronswearsonmarkosbotsarisgraveinmessolonghihandpaintedlithographbyludovicolipparinivenice">National and Historical Museum</a> </figcaption></figure></div><p>Read the full article on<a href="https://www.greece-is.com/why-the-1821-greek-revolution-changed-the-world/"> </a><em><a href="https://www.greece-is.com/why-the-1821-greek-revolution-changed-the-world/">Greece Is</a></em>. </p><p class="button-wrapper" 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&#955;&#943;&#947;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#956;&#942;&#957;&#949;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#959; <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-invader">The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Invader</a>. &#932;&#951;&#957; 25&#951; &#924;&#945;&#961;&#964;&#943;&#959;&#965; &#949;&#959;&#961;&#964;&#940;&#950;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#951; &#941;&#957;&#945;&#961;&#958;&#951; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942;&#962; &#917;&#960;&#945;&#957;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951;&#962; &#964;&#959; 1821. &#915;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#945;&#954;&#961;&#943;&#946;&#949;&#953;&#945;, &#959;&#953; &#904;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#949;&#962; &#949;&#943;&#967;&#945;&#957; &#945;&#961;&#967;&#943;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#964;&#953;&#962; &#949;&#967;&#952;&#961;&#959;&#960;&#961;&#945;&#958;&#943;&#949;&#962; &#955;&#943;&#947;&#949;&#962; &#951;&#956;&#941;&#961;&#949;&#962; &#957;&#969;&#961;&#943;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#945; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#928;&#949;&#955;&#959;&#960;&#972;&#957;&#957;&#951;&#963;&#959; (&#954;&#945;&#953; &#955;&#943;&#947;&#949;&#962; &#949;&#946;&#948;&#959;&#956;&#940;&#948;&#949;&#962; &#960;&#961;&#953;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#951; &#924;&#959;&#955;&#948;&#959;&#946;&#955;&#945;&#967;&#943;&#945;-&#964;&#951; &#963;&#951;&#956;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#957;&#942; &#929;&#959;&#965;&#956;&#945;&#957;&#943;&#945;), &#945;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#951; &#954;&#965;&#946;&#941;&#961;&#957;&#951;&#963;&#951; &#964;&#959;&#965; (&#914;&#945;&#965;&#945;&#961;&#959;&#973;) &#946;&#945;&#963;&#953;&#955;&#953;&#940; &#908;&#952;&#969;&#957;&#945; &#913;&#900; &#964;&#959; 1838 &#954;&#945;&#952;&#953;&#941;&#961;&#969;&#963;&#949; &#956;&#949; &#948;&#953;&#940;&#964;&#945;&#947;&#956;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#952;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#947;&#953;&#959;&#961;&#964;&#942; &#963;&#964;&#953;&#962; 25 &#924;&#945;&#961;&#964;&#943;&#959;&#965;, &#951;&#956;&#941;&#961;&#945; &#956;&#949;&#947;&#940;&#955;&#951;&#962; &#952;&#961;&#951;&#963;&#954;&#949;&#965;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#942;&#962; &#949;&#959;&#961;&#964;&#942;&#962;, &#954;&#945;&#952;&#974;&#962; &#949;&#959;&#961;&#964;&#940;&#950;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#959; &#917;&#965;&#945;&#947;&#947;&#949;&#955;&#953;&#963;&#956;&#972;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#920;&#949;&#959;&#964;&#972;&#954;&#959;&#965;. </p><p><br>&#915;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#945;&#947;&#954;&#972;&#963;&#956;&#953;&#945; &#963;&#951;&#956;&#945;&#963;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942;&#962; &#917;&#960;&#945;&#957;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#960;&#945;&#954;&#972;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#951; &#948;&#951;&#956;&#953;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#947;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#973; &#954;&#961;&#940;&#964;&#959;&#965;&#962;, &#964;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#961;&#974;&#964;&#959;&#965; &#949;&#952;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#973; &#954;&#961;&#940;&#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#917;&#965;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#951;, &#941;&#967;&#959;&#965;&#956;&#949; &#949;&#960;&#943;&#963;&#951;&#962; &#956;&#953;&#955;&#942;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#963;&#964;&#959; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#949;&#955;&#952;&#972;&#957;, &#945;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#963;&#942;&#956;&#949;&#961;&#945; &#952;&#945; &#956;&#953;&#955;&#942;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#947;&#953;' &#945;&#965;&#964;&#972; &#959; Sir Roderick Beaton, &#959; &#902;&#947;&#947;&#955;&#959;&#962; &#960;&#945;&#957;&#949;&#960;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#951;&#956;&#953;&#945;&#954;&#972;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#959;&#960;&#959;&#943;&#959; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#963;&#964;&#961;&#941;&#967;&#969; &#963;&#945;&#957; &#960;&#951;&#947;&#942; &#972;&#960;&#959;&#964;&#949; &#952;&#941;&#955;&#969; &#957;&#945; &#947;&#961;&#940;&#968;&#969; &#954;&#940;&#964;&#953; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#957;&#949;&#972;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#951; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#943;&#945;, &#956;&#945;&#950;&#943; &#956;&#949; &#964;&#959;&#957; Thomas Gallant &#954;&#945;&#953; &#940;&#955;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#945;&#947;&#947;&#955;&#959;&#963;&#940;&#958;&#969;&#957;&#949;&#962;-&#941;&#967;&#949;&#953; &#940;&#955;&#955;&#951; &#956;&#945;&#947;&#949;&#943;&#945; &#957;&#945; &#956;&#945;&#952;&#945;&#943;&#957;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#964;&#972;&#960;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#959;&#965; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#958;&#941;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#962;, &#947;&#953;&#945;&#964;&#943; &#949;&#957;&#974; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#945;&#947;&#945;&#960;&#940;&#957;&#949;, &#941;&#967;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#953;&#954;&#945;&#957;&#972;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#945; &#957;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#959;&#965;&#963;&#953;&#940;&#950;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#967;&#969;&#961;&#943;&#962; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#945;&#953;&#963;&#952;&#951;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#953;&#963;&#956;&#959;&#973;&#962;, &#949;&#957;&#964;&#959;&#960;&#943;&#950;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#962; &#964;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#954;&#974;&#962; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#945; &#972;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#962; &#945;&#957;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#949;&#953;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#943;. </p><p>&#932;&#959;&#965; <a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD">Roderick Beaton</a>* &#947;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#959; <em><a href="https://www.greece-is.com/why-the-1821-greek-revolution-changed-the-world/">Greece is</a></em>.</p><p>&#923;&#943;&#947;&#959;&#953; &#945;&#957;&#964;&#953;&#955;&#945;&#956;&#946;&#940;&#957;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#951; &#963;&#951;&#956;&#945;&#963;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942;&#962; &#917;&#960;&#945;&#957;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; 1821 &#963;&#964;&#951; &#948;&#951;&#956;&#953;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#947;&#943;&#945; &#949;&#952;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#974;&#957; &#954;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#974;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#917;&#965;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#951; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#949; &#972;&#955;&#959; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#954;&#972;&#963;&#956;&#959;.</p><p>&#919; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#917;&#960;&#945;&#957;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951; &#965;&#960;&#942;&#961;&#958;&#949; &#964;&#959; &#960;&#961;&#974;&#964;&#959; &#966;&#953;&#955;&#949;&#955;&#949;&#973;&#952;&#949;&#961;&#959;-&#949;&#952;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#954;&#943;&#957;&#951;&#956;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#941;&#964;&#965;&#967;&#949; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#928;&#945;&#955;&#945;&#953;&#972; &#922;&#972;&#963;&#956;&#959; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#917;&#965;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#951;&#962; &#8211; &#956;&#949;&#964;&#940; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#972; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#919;&#957;&#969;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#969;&#957; &#928;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#964;&#949;&#953;&#974;&#957; - &#960;&#949;&#961;&#943;&#960;&#959;&#965; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#943;&#948;&#953;&#945; &#949;&#960;&#959;&#967;&#942; &#956;&#949; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#972;&#956;&#959;&#953;&#945; &#945;&#960;&#949;&#955;&#949;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#961;&#969;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#954;&#953;&#957;&#942;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#945; &#963;&#964;&#951; &#925;&#972;&#964;&#953;&#945; &#913;&#956;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#942; (&#956;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#958;&#973; 1811 &#954;&#945;&#953; 1825), &#954;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#961;&#953;&#957; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#956;&#966;&#940;&#957;&#953;&#963;&#951; &#972;&#955;&#969;&#957; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#957;&#941;&#969;&#957; &#949;&#952;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#974;&#957; &#954;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#974;&#957; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#973;&#957;&#964;&#959;&#956;&#945; &#952;&#945; &#947;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#959; &#954;&#945;&#957;&#972;&#957;&#945;&#962; &#963;&#949; &#959;&#955;&#972;&#954;&#955;&#951;&#961;&#951; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#917;&#965;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#951;.</p><p>&#919; &#953;&#948;&#949;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#947;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#949;&#964;&#959;&#953;&#956;&#945;&#963;&#943;&#945; &#949;&#943;&#967;&#949; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#951;&#947;&#951;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#8211; &#954;&#965;&#961;&#943;&#969;&#962; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#967;&#945;&#963;&#964;&#941;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#947;&#961;&#945;&#966;&#945;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#947;&#945;&#955;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#945; &#947;&#949;&#961;&#956;&#945;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#8211; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#940; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#951;&#947;&#959;&#973;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#945;&#953;&#974;&#957;&#945;. &#927;&#953; &#904;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#949;&#962; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#949;&#966;&#951;&#973;&#961;&#945;&#957; &#964;&#959; &#941;&#952;&#957;&#959;&#962; - &#954;&#961;&#940;&#964;&#959;&#962;. &#913;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#942;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#948;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#904;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#949;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#964;&#959; &#960;&#949;&#943;&#961;&#945;&#956;&#945; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#972; &#949;&#966;&#945;&#961;&#956;&#972;&#963;&#964;&#951;&#954;&#949; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#960;&#961;&#974;&#964;&#951; &#966;&#959;&#961;&#940; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#917;&#965;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#951;.</p><p>&#919; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#943;&#966;&#951;&#956;&#951; &#915;&#945;&#955;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#917;&#960;&#945;&#957;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951;, &#960;&#959;&#965; &#958;&#949;&#954;&#943;&#957;&#951;&#963;&#949; &#964;&#959; 1789, &#952;&#945; &#956;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#956;&#972;&#961;&#966;&#969;&#957;&#949; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#950;&#969;&#942; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#951;&#960;&#949;&#943;&#961;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#943;&#963;&#969;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#972;&#963;&#956;&#959;&#965;, &#960;&#953;&#959; &#949;&#957;&#964;&#965;&#960;&#969;&#963;&#953;&#945;&#954;&#940;. &#913;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#956;&#949;&#964;&#940; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#940;&#957;&#959;&#948;&#959; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#964;&#974;&#963;&#951; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#925;&#945;&#960;&#959;&#955;&#941;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945; &#914;&#959;&#957;&#945;&#960;&#940;&#961;&#964;&#951;, &#954;&#945;&#953; &#956;&#949;&#964;&#940; &#964;&#959; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#941;&#948;&#961;&#953;&#959; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#914;&#953;&#941;&#957;&#957;&#951;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#945;&#952;&#953;&#941;&#961;&#969;&#963;&#949; &#956;&#953;&#945; &#948;&#953;&#949;&#952;&#957;&#942; &#964;&#940;&#958;&#951; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#959;&#955;&#972;&#954;&#955;&#951;&#961;&#951; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#965;&#961;&#969;&#960;&#945;&#970;&#954;&#942; &#942;&#960;&#949;&#953;&#961;&#959; &#964;&#959; 1815, &#966;&#945;&#953;&#957;&#972;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#972;&#964;&#953; &#959; &#967;&#961;&#972;&#957;&#959;&#962; &#949;&#943;&#967;&#949; &#947;&#965;&#961;&#943;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#960;&#943;&#963;&#969; &#960;&#961;&#953;&#957; &#964;&#959; 1789.</p><p>&#905;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#951; &#949;&#960;&#945;&#957;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#948;&#945;, &#960;&#959;&#965; &#958;&#941;&#963;&#960;&#945;&#963;&#949; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#940;&#957;&#959;&#953;&#958;&#951; &#964;&#959;&#965; 1821, &#960;&#959;&#965; &#940;&#961;&#967;&#953;&#963;&#949; &#957;&#945; &#945;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#950;&#949;&#953; &#972;&#955;&#945; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#940;. &#932;&#959; &#945;&#960;&#959;&#964;&#941;&#955;&#949;&#963;&#956;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942;&#962; &#917;&#960;&#945;&#957;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951;&#962; &#945;&#960;&#959;&#964;&#941;&#955;&#949;&#963;&#949; &#964;&#959; &#954;&#959;&#956;&#946;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#963;&#951;&#956;&#949;&#943;&#959; &#960;&#940;&#957;&#969; &#963;&#964;&#959; &#959;&#960;&#959;&#943;&#959; &#947;&#973;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#949; &#972;&#955;&#959;&#962; &#959; &#947;&#949;&#969;&#960;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#962; &#967;&#940;&#961;&#964;&#951;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#917;&#965;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#951;&#962;, &#956;&#945;&#954;&#961;&#953;&#940; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#959; &#956;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#941;&#955;&#959; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#948;&#941;&#954;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#965; &#972;&#947;&#948;&#959;&#959;&#965; &#945;&#953;&#974;&#957;&#945; &#956;&#949; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#965;&#949;&#952;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#941;&#962; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#959;&#954;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#943;&#949;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#965;&#946;&#949;&#961;&#957;&#974;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#945;&#961;&#967;&#953;&#954;&#940;, &#954;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#962; &#964;&#959; &#956;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#941;&#955;&#959; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#949;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#973; &#945;&#953;&#974;&#957;&#945; &#956;&#949; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#959;&#948;&#953;&#940;&#952;&#949;&#963;&#951; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#949;&#952;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#974;&#957; &#954;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#974;&#957;.</p><p>&#932;&#959; &#928;&#961;&#969;&#964;&#972;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#955;&#959; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#923;&#959;&#957;&#948;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#951; &#915;&#941;&#957;&#957;&#951;&#963;&#951; &#949;&#957;&#972;&#962; &#904;&#952;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#962;</p><p>&#924;&#953;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#952;&#959;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#951;&#956;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#956;&#951;&#957;&#943;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#941;&#957;&#945; &#947;&#949;&#947;&#959;&#957;&#972;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#965;&#967;&#957;&#940; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#945;&#946;&#955;&#941;&#960;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#942; &#965;&#960;&#959;&#946;&#945;&#952;&#956;&#943;&#950;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#953;, &#945;&#954;&#972;&#956;&#951; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#964;&#953;&#962; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#943;&#949;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942;&#962; &#917;&#960;&#945;&#957;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951;&#962;: &#919; &#945;&#960;&#959;&#966;&#945;&#963;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#963;&#964;&#953;&#947;&#956;&#942; &#942;&#961;&#952;&#949; &#963;&#964;&#953;&#962; 3 &#934;&#949;&#946;&#961;&#959;&#965;&#945;&#961;&#943;&#959;&#965; 1830. &#916;&#949;&#957; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#941;&#946;&#951; &#963;&#964;&#959; &#960;&#949;&#948;&#943;&#959; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#956;&#940;&#967;&#951;&#962; &#959;&#973;&#964;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#948;&#945;, &#945;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#963;&#949; &#956;&#953;&#945; &#968;&#965;&#967;&#961;&#942; &#963;&#973;&#957;&#959;&#948;&#959; &#945;&#958;&#953;&#969;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#973;&#967;&#969;&#957; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#955;&#945;&#946;&#949; &#967;&#974;&#961;&#945; &#963;&#964;&#959; &#914;&#961;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#933;&#960;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#947;&#949;&#943;&#959; &#917;&#958;&#969;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#974;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#959; Whitehall.</p><p>&#917;&#954;&#949;&#943;&#957;&#951; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#951;&#956;&#941;&#961;&#945; &#959;&#953; &#965;&#960;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#947;&#959;&#943; &#917;&#958;&#969;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#974;&#957; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#924;&#949;&#947;&#940;&#955;&#951;&#962; &#914;&#961;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#957;&#943;&#945;&#962;, &#964;&#951;&#962; &#915;&#945;&#955;&#955;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#929;&#969;&#963;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#965;&#960;&#941;&#947;&#961;&#945;&#968;&#945;&#957; &#941;&#957;&#945; &#941;&#947;&#947;&#961;&#945;&#966;&#959; &#947;&#957;&#969;&#963;&#964;&#972; &#969;&#962; &#171;&#928;&#961;&#969;&#964;&#972;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#955;&#959; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#923;&#959;&#957;&#948;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#187;, &#964;&#959; &#959;&#960;&#959;&#943;&#959; &#948;&#942;&#955;&#969;&#957;&#949;, &#947;&#953;&#945; &#960;&#961;&#974;&#964;&#951; &#966;&#959;&#961;&#940;: &#171;&#919; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#962; &#952;&#945; &#945;&#960;&#959;&#964;&#949;&#955;&#941;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#945;&#957;&#949;&#958;&#940;&#961;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#959; &#922;&#961;&#940;&#964;&#959;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#952;&#945; &#945;&#960;&#959;&#955;&#945;&#956;&#946;&#940;&#957;&#949;&#953; &#960;&#940;&#957;&#964;&#945; &#964;&#945; &#948;&#953;&#954;&#945;&#953;&#974;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#945; &#8211; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#940;, &#948;&#953;&#959;&#953;&#954;&#951;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#949;&#956;&#960;&#959;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#8211; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#948;&#941;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#956;&#949; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#955;&#942;&#961;&#951; &#945;&#957;&#949;&#958;&#945;&#961;&#964;&#951;&#963;&#943;&#945;&#187;.</p><p>&#919; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#948;&#945; &#947;&#949;&#957;&#957;&#942;&#952;&#951;&#954;&#949; &#949;&#954;&#949;&#943;&#957;&#951; &#964;&#951; &#963;&#964;&#953;&#947;&#956;&#942; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#942;&#961;&#949; &#964;&#951; &#952;&#941;&#963;&#951; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#967;&#940;&#961;&#964;&#951; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#917;&#965;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#951;&#962;. &#919; &#917;&#960;&#945;&#957;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#949;&#943;&#967;&#949; &#945;&#954;&#972;&#956;&#951; &#964;&#949;&#955;&#949;&#953;&#974;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#8211; &#954;&#945;&#952;&#974;&#962; &#952;&#945; &#967;&#961;&#949;&#953;&#945;&#950;&#972;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#940;&#955;&#955;&#945; &#948;&#973;&#959; &#967;&#961;&#972;&#957;&#953;&#945; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#957;&#945; &#948;&#953;&#949;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#964;&#951;&#952;&#959;&#973;&#957; &#972;&#955;&#949;&#962; &#959;&#953; &#955;&#949;&#960;&#964;&#959;&#956;&#941;&#961;&#949;&#953;&#949;&#962;, &#963;&#965;&#956;&#960;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#955;&#945;&#956;&#946;&#945;&#957;&#959;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#969;&#957; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#964;&#949;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#974;&#957; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#972;&#961;&#969;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#965;&#963;&#964;&#942;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#962; &#948;&#953;&#945;&#954;&#965;&#946;&#941;&#961;&#957;&#951;&#963;&#951;&#962;. &#913;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#942; &#951; &#951;&#956;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#956;&#951;&#957;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#934;&#949;&#946;&#961;&#959;&#965;&#945;&#961;&#943;&#959;&#965; 1830 &#963;&#951;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#948;&#959;&#964;&#949;&#943; &#964;&#959; &#963;&#951;&#956;&#949;&#943;&#959; &#954;&#945;&#956;&#960;&#942;&#962;.</p><p>&#924;&#949;&#964;&#940; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#972;, &#959; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#940;&#955;&#959;&#947;&#959;&#962; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#957;&#941;&#969;&#957; &#949;&#965;&#961;&#969;&#960;&#945;&#970;&#954;&#974;&#957; &#954;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#974;&#957; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#948;&#951;&#956;&#953;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#947;&#942;&#952;&#951;&#954;&#945;&#957; &#956;&#949; &#964;&#959; &#943;&#948;&#953;&#959; &#956;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#941;&#955;&#959; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#956;&#945;&#954;&#961;&#973;&#962;: &#914;&#941;&#955;&#947;&#953;&#959; &#964;&#959; 1831, &#915;&#949;&#961;&#956;&#945;&#957;&#943;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#921;&#964;&#945;&#955;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959; 1871, &#931;&#949;&#961;&#946;&#943;&#945;, &#929;&#959;&#965;&#956;&#945;&#957;&#943;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#924;&#945;&#965;&#961;&#959;&#946;&#959;&#973;&#957;&#953;&#959; &#964;&#959; 1878, &#914;&#959;&#965;&#955;&#947;&#945;&#961;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959; 1908, &#921;&#961;&#955;&#945;&#957;&#948;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959; 1922, &#932;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#954;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959; 1923, &#967;&#969;&#961;&#943;&#962; &#957;&#945; &#945;&#957;&#945;&#966;&#949;&#961;&#952;&#959;&#973;&#956;&#949; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#965;&#961;&#973;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#951; &#949;&#960;&#945;&#957;&#945;&#963;&#967;&#949;&#948;&#943;&#945;&#963;&#951; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#967;&#940;&#961;&#964;&#951; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#951;&#960;&#949;&#943;&#961;&#959;&#965; &#956;&#949;&#964;&#940; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#948;&#973;&#959; &#960;&#945;&#947;&#954;&#972;&#963;&#956;&#953;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#941;&#956;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#936;&#965;&#967;&#961;&#972; &#928;&#972;&#955;&#949;&#956;&#959; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#949;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#973; &#945;&#953;&#974;&#957;&#945;.</p><p>&#904;&#957;&#945; &#926;&#949;&#967;&#969;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#972; &#917;&#952;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#972;  &#922;&#961;&#940;&#964;&#959;&#962;</p><p>&#932;&#959; &#949;&#960;&#943;&#964;&#949;&#965;&#947;&#956;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#948;&#945;&#962; &#941;&#967;&#949;&#953; &#948;&#953;&#945;&#966;&#973;&#947;&#949;&#953; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#963;&#959;&#967;&#942;&#962; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#974;&#957; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#917;&#965;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#951;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#972;&#963;&#956;&#959;&#965;, &#949;&#960;&#949;&#953;&#948;&#942; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#942; &#942;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#964;&#949;&#955;&#949;&#965;&#964;&#945;&#943;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#945;&#953;&#974;&#957;&#949;&#962; &#942;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#961;&#945;&#956;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#951; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#956;&#949;&#947;&#945;&#955;&#973;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#960;&#945;&#943;&#954;&#964;&#949;&#962; &#960;&#953;&#959; &#946;&#972;&#961;&#949;&#953;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#948;&#965;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#940;: &#915;&#945;&#955;&#955;&#943;&#945;, &#915;&#949;&#961;&#956;&#945;&#957;&#943;&#945;, &#921;&#964;&#945;&#955;&#943;&#945;.</p><p>&#915;&#953;&#945; &#949;&#957;&#964;&#949;&#955;&#974;&#962; &#948;&#953;&#945;&#966;&#959;&#961;&#949;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#973;&#962; &#955;&#972;&#947;&#959;&#965;&#962;, &#945;&#965;&#964;&#942; &#951; &#960;&#964;&#965;&#967;&#942; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942;&#962; &#917;&#960;&#945;&#957;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951;&#962; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#941;&#967;&#949;&#953; &#945;&#957;&#945;&#947;&#957;&#969;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#949;&#943; &#949;&#960;&#945;&#961;&#954;&#974;&#962; &#959;&#973;&#964;&#949; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#904;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#949;&#962; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#973;&#962;, &#945;&#960;&#8217; &#972;&#963;&#959; &#947;&#957;&#969;&#961;&#943;&#950;&#969;. &#931;&#973;&#956;&#966;&#969;&#957;&#945; &#956;&#949; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#945;&#966;&#942;&#947;&#951;&#963;&#951; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#949;&#948;&#961;&#945;&#943;&#969;&#963;&#945;&#957; &#959; &#931;&#960;&#965;&#961;&#943;&#948;&#969;&#957; &#918;&#945;&#956;&#960;&#941;&#955;&#953;&#959;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#959; &#922;&#969;&#957;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#957;&#964;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#962; &#928;&#945;&#960;&#945;&#961;&#961;&#951;&#947;&#972;&#960;&#959;&#965;&#955;&#959;&#962; &#964;&#951; &#948;&#949;&#954;&#945;&#949;&#964;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; 1850 &#954;&#945;&#953; 1860, &#945;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#945;&#957;&#940;&#947;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#960;&#959;&#967;&#942; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#943;&#948;&#953;&#945;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#917;&#960;&#945;&#957;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951;&#962;, &#951; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#948;&#945; &#942;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#948;&#953;&#945;&#966;&#959;&#961;&#949;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#942;. &#919; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#948;&#945; &#942;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#949;&#953;&#948;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#943;&#960;&#964;&#969;&#963;&#951;.</p><p>&#927;&#953; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#943; &#945;&#960;&#959;&#954;&#945;&#955;&#959;&#973;&#957; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#942; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#963;&#941;&#947;&#947;&#953;&#963;&#951; &#171;&#949;&#958;&#945;&#953;&#961;&#949;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#953;&#963;&#956;&#972;&#187; (exceptionalism). &#927; &#949;&#958;&#945;&#953;&#961;&#949;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#953;&#963;&#956;&#972;&#962; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#956;&#959;&#957;&#945;&#948;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#962; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#948;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#904;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#949;&#962;. &#913;&#957;&#964;&#943;&#952;&#949;&#964;&#945;, &#945;&#965;&#964;&#972; &#945;&#954;&#961;&#953;&#946;&#974;&#962; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959; &#952;&#941;&#956;&#945; &#956;&#949; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#949;&#958;&#945;&#953;&#961;&#949;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#953;&#963;&#956;&#972; &#8211; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#961;&#945;&#947;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#945;, &#972;&#955;&#959;&#953; &#954;&#940;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#964;&#959; &#943;&#948;&#953;&#959;.</p><p>&#927;&#953; &#904;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#949;&#962;, &#963;&#973;&#956;&#966;&#969;&#957;&#945; &#956;&#949; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#943;&#945;, &#949;&#943;&#967;&#945;&#957; &#963;&#967;&#951;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#943;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#941;&#952;&#957;&#959;&#962; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#945;&#961;&#967;&#945;&#943;&#969;&#957; &#967;&#961;&#972;&#957;&#969;&#957;&#183; &#959;&#953; &#945;&#947;&#974;&#957;&#949;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#948;&#949;&#954;&#945;&#949;&#964;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; 1820 &#945;&#966;&#959;&#961;&#959;&#973;&#963;&#945;&#957; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#960;&#945;&#957;&#945;&#966;&#959;&#961;&#940; &#949;&#954;&#949;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#965; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#952;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#951;&#947;&#959;&#973;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#951;, &#957;&#972;&#956;&#953;&#956;&#951; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#942; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#183; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#960;&#959;&#967;&#942; &#949;&#954;&#949;&#943;&#957;&#951; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#965;&#967;&#957;&#940; &#956;&#949;&#964;&#940;, &#951; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#945;&#957;&#949;&#958;&#945;&#961;&#964;&#951;&#963;&#943;&#945; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#947;&#961;&#945;&#966;&#972;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#964;&#945;&#954;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#969;&#962; &#951; &#171;&#945;&#957;&#945;&#946;&#943;&#969;&#963;&#951;&#187;, &#171;&#945;&#957;&#945;&#947;&#941;&#957;&#957;&#951;&#963;&#951;&#187;, &#942; &#945;&#954;&#972;&#956;&#951; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#171;&#945;&#957;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951;&#187; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#945;&#961;&#967;&#945;&#943;&#959;&#965; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#973; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#964;&#953;&#963;&#956;&#959;&#973;.</p><p>&#913;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#951; &#945;&#955;&#942;&#952;&#949;&#953;&#945; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#972;&#964;&#953; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#949;&#960;&#961;&#972;&#954;&#949;&#953;&#964;&#959; &#954;&#945;&#952;&#972;&#955;&#959;&#965; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#960;&#945;&#955;&#953;&#957;&#972;&#961;&#952;&#969;&#963;&#951;. &#932;&#959; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#949;&#952;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#954;&#961;&#940;&#964;&#959;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#947;&#957;&#969;&#961;&#943;&#950;&#959;&#965;&#956;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#945;&#947;&#945;&#960;&#940;&#956;&#949; &#963;&#942;&#956;&#949;&#961;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#948;&#951;&#956;&#953;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#947;&#942;&#952;&#951;&#954;&#949; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#917;&#960;&#945;&#957;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#948;&#949;&#954;&#945;&#949;&#964;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; 1820, &#948;&#949;&#957; &#941;&#967;&#949;&#953; &#972;&#956;&#959;&#953;&#972; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#956;&#949; &#964;&#943;&#960;&#959;&#964;&#949; &#940;&#955;&#955;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#964;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#967;&#953;&#955;&#953;&#972;&#967;&#961;&#959;&#957;&#951; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#942;&#957;&#969;&#957;, &#972;&#960;&#969;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#947;&#957;&#969;&#961;&#943;&#950;&#959;&#965;&#956;&#949; &#956;&#941;&#963;&#945; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#945; &#945;&#961;&#967;&#949;&#943;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#948;&#953;&#945;&#963;&#974;&#950;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#964;&#951; &#947;&#955;&#974;&#963;&#963;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962;.</p><p>&#927;&#953; &#945;&#961;&#967;&#945;&#943;&#959;&#953;, &#956;&#949; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#956;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#942; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#171;&#945;&#965;&#964;&#959;&#957;&#959;&#956;&#943;&#945;&#187; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#959;&#948;&#953;&#959;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#973;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#969;&#957;, &#954;&#965;&#961;&#943;&#969;&#962; &#956;&#953;&#954;&#961;&#974;&#957; &#960;&#972;&#955;&#949;&#969;&#957;-&#954;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#974;&#957;, &#948;&#949;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#940;&#966;&#949;&#961;&#945;&#957; &#960;&#959;&#964;&#941; &#957;&#945; &#954;&#940;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#972; &#964;&#959; &#940;&#955;&#956;&#945;. &#932;&#959; &#914;&#965;&#950;&#945;&#957;&#964;&#953;&#957;&#972; &#954;&#961;&#940;&#964;&#959;&#962;, &#956;&#949; &#972;&#955;&#959; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#964;&#959; &#952;&#961;&#965;&#955;&#959;&#973;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#960;&#955;&#959;&#973;&#964;&#959;, &#953;&#963;&#967;&#973; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#949;&#948;&#945;&#966;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#941;&#954;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951;, &#942;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#954;&#940;&#964;&#953; &#949;&#957;&#964;&#949;&#955;&#974;&#962; &#948;&#953;&#945;&#966;&#959;&#961;&#949;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#8211; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#964;&#941; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#949;&#960;&#941;&#955;&#949;&#958;&#949; &#957;&#945; &#959;&#957;&#959;&#956;&#945;&#963;&#964;&#949;&#943; &#171;&#917;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#962;&#187; &#959;&#973;&#964;&#949; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#955;&#945;&#972; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#171;&#904;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#949;&#962;&#187;, &#972;&#960;&#969;&#962; &#954;&#940;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#959;&#953; &#904;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#949;&#962; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#959; 1821 &#954;&#945;&#953; &#956;&#949;&#964;&#940;.</p><p>&#932;&#959; &#949;&#952;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#954;&#961;&#940;&#964;&#959;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#947;&#953;&#957;&#949; &#960;&#961;&#945;&#947;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#940; &#964;&#951; &#948;&#949;&#954;&#945;&#949;&#964;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; 1820 &#954;&#945;&#953; 1830 &#942;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#956;&#943;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953;&#957;&#959;&#964;&#959;&#956;&#943;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#904;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#949;&#962; &#8211; &#945;&#954;&#972;&#956;&#951; &#954;&#953; &#945;&#957; &#948;&#949;&#967;&#964;&#949;&#943;&#962; &#964;&#959; &#949;&#960;&#953;&#967;&#949;&#943;&#961;&#951;&#956;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942;&#962; &#949;&#958;&#945;&#943;&#961;&#949;&#963;&#951;&#962; &#8211; &#972;&#960;&#969;&#962; &#942;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#957;  &#965;&#960;&#972;&#955;&#959;&#953;&#960;&#951; &#949;&#965;&#961;&#969;&#960;&#945;&#970;&#954;&#942; &#942;&#960;&#949;&#953;&#961;&#959; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#960;&#959;&#967;&#942; &#949;&#954;&#949;&#943;&#957;&#951;.</p><p>&#913;&#965;&#964;&#972; &#972;&#956;&#969;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#954;&#945;&#957;&#949; &#964;&#951;&#957; 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&#921;&#940;&#963;&#953;&#959; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#924;&#959;&#955;&#948;&#959;&#946;&#955;&#945;&#967;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#953;&#962; 24 &#934;&#949;&#946;&#961;&#959;&#965;&#945;&#961;&#943;&#959;&#965; / 8 &#924;&#945;&#961;&#964;&#943;&#959;&#965; 1821, &#956;&#949; &#964;&#943;&#964;&#955;&#959; &#171;&#924;&#945;&#967;&#959;&#973; &#933;&#960;&#941;&#961; &#928;&#943;&#963;&#964;&#949;&#969;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#928;&#945;&#964;&#961;&#943;&#948;&#959;&#962;&#187;, &#951; &#941;&#954;&#954;&#955;&#951;&#963;&#951; &#945;&#960;&#949;&#965;&#952;&#965;&#957;&#972;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#171;&#966;&#969;&#964;&#953;&#963;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#955;&#945;&#959;&#973;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#917;&#965;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#951;&#962;&#187;, &#959;&#953; &#959;&#960;&#959;&#943;&#959;&#953;, &#171;&#960;&#955;&#942;&#961;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#949;&#965;&#947;&#957;&#969;&#956;&#959;&#963;&#973;&#957;&#951;&#962; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#945; &#959;&#966;&#941;&#955;&#951; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#955;&#951;&#961;&#959;&#957;&#972;&#956;&#951;&#963;&#945;&#957; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#928;&#961;&#959;&#947;&#972;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#956;&#945;&#962;, &#960;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#956;&#949; &#955;&#945;&#967;&#964;&#940;&#961;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#955;&#949;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#961;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#942;&#957;&#969;&#957;&#187;.&#8203;</p><p>&#904;&#957;&#945;&#957; &#956;&#942;&#957;&#945; &#945;&#961;&#947;&#972;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#945;, &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#922;&#945;&#955;&#945;&#956;&#940;&#964;&#945;, &#959; &#951;&#947;&#941;&#964;&#951;&#962; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#924;&#945;&#957;&#953;&#945;&#964;&#974;&#957;, &#928;&#949;&#964;&#961;&#972;&#956;&#960;&#949;&#951;&#962; &#924;&#945;&#965;&#961;&#959;&#956;&#953;&#967;&#940;&#955;&#951;&#962;, 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&#949;&#958;&#945;&#963;&#966;&#945;&#955;&#953;&#963;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#951;. &#913;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#966;&#965;&#963;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#972; &#949;&#943;&#967;&#949; &#954;&#972;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#962;: &#951; &#964;&#949;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#948;&#953;&#949;&#965;&#952;&#941;&#964;&#951;&#963;&#951; &#949;&#943;&#967;&#949; &#960;&#953;&#945; &#946;&#947;&#949;&#953; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#945; &#967;&#941;&#961;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#942;&#957;&#969;&#957;. &#905;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#960;&#955;&#941;&#959;&#957; &#949;&#965;&#952;&#973;&#957;&#951; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#964;&#961;&#953;&#974;&#957; &#924;&#949;&#947;&#940;&#955;&#969;&#957; &#916;&#965;&#957;&#940;&#956;&#949;&#969;&#957; &#957;&#945; &#946;&#961;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#955;&#973;&#963;&#951;. &#922;&#945;&#953; &#941;&#964;&#963;&#953; &#965;&#960;&#949;&#947;&#961;&#940;&#966;&#951; &#949;&#954;&#949;&#943;&#957;&#959; &#964;&#959; &#928;&#961;&#969;&#964;&#972;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#955;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#959; &#923;&#959;&#957;&#948;&#943;&#957;&#959;, &#963;&#964;&#953;&#962; 3 &#934;&#949;&#946;&#961;&#959;&#965;&#945;&#961;&#943;&#959;&#965; 1830.</p><p>&#927;&#953; &#916;&#965;&#957;&#940;&#956;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#949;&#943;&#967;&#945;&#957; &#942;&#948;&#951; &#945;&#960;&#959;&#966;&#945;&#963;&#943;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#972;&#964;&#953; &#964;&#959; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#943;&#964;&#949;&#965;&#956;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#957;&#941;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#961;&#940;&#964;&#959;&#965;&#962;, &#941;&#960;&#961;&#949;&#960;&#949; &#957;&#945; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#951; &#956;&#959;&#957;&#945;&#961;&#967;&#943;&#945;, &#972;&#967;&#953; &#951; &#948;&#951;&#956;&#959;&#954;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#943;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#949;&#943;&#967;&#949; &#954;&#951;&#961;&#973;&#958;&#949;&#953; &#964;&#959; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#963;&#969;&#961;&#953;&#957;&#972; &#963;&#973;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#947;&#956;&#940; &#964;&#959;&#965;. &#927; &#928;&#961;&#943;&#947;&#954;&#953;&#960;&#945;&#962; &#908;&#952;&#969;&#957;, &#948;&#949;&#973;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#962; &#947;&#953;&#959;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#966;&#953;&#955;&#941;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#945; &#914;&#945;&#963;&#953;&#955;&#953;&#940; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#914;&#945;&#965;&#945;&#961;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#923;&#959;&#965;&#948;&#959;&#946;&#943;&#954;&#959;&#965; &#913;&#900;, &#959;&#961;&#943;&#963;&#964;&#951;&#954;&#949; &#960;&#961;&#974;&#964;&#959;&#962; &#946;&#945;&#963;&#953;&#955;&#953;&#940;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; (<a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-assassination-of-a-nations-hope">&#956;&#949;&#964;&#940; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#951; &#948;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#966;&#959;&#957;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#904;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#945; &#922;&#965;&#946;&#949;&#961;&#957;&#942;&#964;&#951; &#921;&#969;&#940;&#957;&#957;&#951; 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&#948;&#953;&#945;&#966;&#959;&#961;&#949;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#946;&#945;&#952;&#956;&#972;. &#915;&#953;&#8217; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#972; &#964;&#959; &#171;America First&#187; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959; Brexit &#941;&#966;&#949;&#961;&#945;&#957; &#964;&#941;&#964;&#959;&#953;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#964;&#961;&#959;&#966;&#942;, &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#972;&#963;&#959; &#955;&#943;&#947;&#945; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#945; &#965;&#960;&#959;&#963;&#967;&#949;&#952;&#941;&#957;&#964;&#945; &#959;&#966;&#941;&#955;&#951;, &#963;&#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#955;&#945;&#959;&#973;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962;.</p><p>&#908;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#959; &#956;&#949;&#955;&#955;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#962; &#946;&#945;&#963;&#953;&#955;&#953;&#940;&#962;, &#928;&#961;&#943;&#947;&#954;&#953;&#960;&#945;&#962; &#908;&#952;&#969;&#957;, &#941;&#966;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#949; &#963;&#964;&#959; &#925;&#945;&#973;&#960;&#955;&#953;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#953;&#962; 6 &#934;&#949;&#946;&#961;&#959;&#965;&#945;&#961;&#943;&#959;&#965; 1833 &#956;&#949; &#946;&#961;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#949;&#956;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#960;&#955;&#959;&#943;&#959;, &#949;&#957; &#956;&#941;&#963;&#969; &#949;&#954;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#953;&#974;&#948;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#965;&#960;&#959;&#948;&#959;&#967;&#942;&#962;, &#964;&#959; &#947;&#949;&#947;&#959;&#957;&#972;&#962; &#942;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#949;&#956;&#966;&#945;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#948;&#973;&#959; &#955;&#972;&#947;&#959;&#965;&#962;: &#949;&#960;&#961;&#972;&#954;&#949;&#953;&#964;&#959; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#959; &#960;&#961;&#974;&#964;&#959; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#954;&#961;&#940;&#964;&#959;&#962; &#963;&#949; &#959;&#955;&#972;&#954;&#955;&#951;&#961;&#951; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#956;&#945;&#954;&#961;&#940; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#942;&#957;&#969;&#957;, &#945;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959; &#960;&#961;&#974;&#964;&#959; &#957;&#941;&#959; &#949;&#952;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#954;&#961;&#940;&#964;&#959;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#973;&#952;&#951;&#963;&#949; &#964;&#959; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#940;&#948;&#949;&#953;&#947;&#956;&#945; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#919;.&#928;.&#913;. &#954;&#945;&#953; &#945;&#957;&#945;&#947;&#957;&#969;&#961;&#943;&#963;&#964;&#951;&#954;&#949; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#928;&#945;&#955;&#945;&#953;&#972; &#922;&#972;&#963;&#956;&#959; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#917;&#965;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#951;&#962;.</p><p>&#916;&#953;&#945;&#946;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#949; &#964;&#959; &#960;&#955;&#942;&#961;&#949;&#962; &#940;&#961;&#952;&#961;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#959; <a href="https://www.greece-is.com/why-the-1821-greek-revolution-changed-the-world/">Greece Is</a>. </p><p>O <a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD">Roderick Beaton</a> &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#902;&#947;&#947;&#955;&#959;&#962; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#958;&#953;&#959;&#973;&#967;&#959;&#962; &#960;&#945;&#957;&#949;&#960;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#951;&#956;&#953;&#945;&#954;&#972;&#962;. &#916;&#953;&#949;&#964;&#941;&#955;&#949;&#963;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#952;&#951;&#947;&#951;&#964;&#942;&#962; &#925;&#949;&#959;&#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#914;&#965;&#950;&#945;&#957;&#964;&#953;&#957;&#942;&#962; &#921;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#943;&#945;&#962;, &#915;&#955;&#974;&#963;&#963;&#945;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#923;&#959;&#947;&#959;&#964;&#949;&#967;&#957;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#941;&#948;&#961;&#945;&#962; &#171;&#922;&#959;&#961;&#945;&#942;&#962;&#187; (<em>Koraes</em>), &#963;&#964;&#959; &#914;&#945;&#963;&#953;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#922;&#959;&#955;&#941;&#947;&#953;&#959; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#923;&#959;&#957;&#948;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#965; (<em>King's College London</em>) &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#959; 1988 &#941;&#969;&#962; &#964;&#959; 2018. </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Hypatia of Alexandria: The Murder that Shook Late Antiquity]]></title><description><![CDATA[The story behind the Hollywood myth and her legacy]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/hypatia-of-alexandria-the-murder-that-shook-late-antiquity</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/hypatia-of-alexandria-the-murder-that-shook-late-antiquity</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 16 Mar 2026 11:32:18 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2GiN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd603265-d1a3-436d-8fa3-4cd1e7e0fda9_1000x696.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p><em>And now, whenever we meet</em></p><p><em>Hypatia, the fearless, starry-eyed Idea,</em></p><p><em>we slaughter her, we hack her to pieces,</em></p><p><em>and - oh, the frenzy! - we throw her pieces to the street.</em></p><p>&#8212; Kostis Palamas, <em>The Monks</em></p></blockquote><h6>(&#920;&#945; &#946;&#961;&#949;&#943;&#964;&#949; &#964;&#959; &#960;&#955;&#942;&#961;&#949;&#962; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#963;&#964;&#959; &#964;&#941;&#955;&#959;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#940;&#961;&#952;&#961;&#959;&#965;)</h6><p>In March 415 AD, <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/200bc">Alexandria </a>was a boiling intellectual cauldron caught between the twilight of Late Antiquity and the dawn of the Byzantine era. It was here that the Neoplatonic philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer <a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory/note/c-227927939?utm_source=notes-share-action&amp;r=3lt4gu">Hypatia </a>met her death at the hands of an enraged mob. The circumstances of her death continue to divide historians to this day, and it is exactly these circumstances that we will shed light on today. So, pour yourself something warm and settle in. We&#8217;re taking a deep dive into Late Antiquity&#8217;s fascinating world.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2GiN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd603265-d1a3-436d-8fa3-4cd1e7e0fda9_1000x696.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2GiN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd603265-d1a3-436d-8fa3-4cd1e7e0fda9_1000x696.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2GiN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd603265-d1a3-436d-8fa3-4cd1e7e0fda9_1000x696.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2GiN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd603265-d1a3-436d-8fa3-4cd1e7e0fda9_1000x696.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2GiN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd603265-d1a3-436d-8fa3-4cd1e7e0fda9_1000x696.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2GiN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd603265-d1a3-436d-8fa3-4cd1e7e0fda9_1000x696.jpeg" width="1000" height="696" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fd603265-d1a3-436d-8fa3-4cd1e7e0fda9_1000x696.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:696,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:451268,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/191104401?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd603265-d1a3-436d-8fa3-4cd1e7e0fda9_1000x696.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2GiN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd603265-d1a3-436d-8fa3-4cd1e7e0fda9_1000x696.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2GiN!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd603265-d1a3-436d-8fa3-4cd1e7e0fda9_1000x696.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2GiN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd603265-d1a3-436d-8fa3-4cd1e7e0fda9_1000x696.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2GiN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd603265-d1a3-436d-8fa3-4cd1e7e0fda9_1000x696.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Louis Figuier &#8220;<em>Mort de la philosophe Hypatie, &#224; Alexandrie&#8221;, </em>first published in the journal Le Voleur Illustre, number 475, 7 December 1865<em> | </em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mort_de_la_philosophe_Hypatie.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>As March is Women&#8217;s History Month, I promised you in my <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-feminist-saint-philothei">last stack</a> that I would dedicate it to some influential women in history whose work and overall stance remain exemplary today, reminding us why, centuries later, they deserve to be remembered.</p><p>Some of them, like <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-feminist-saint-philothei">Saint Philothei of Athens</a>, are relatively unknown. Others, however, like Hypatia whom we will examine today, are famous&#8212;partly due to the importance and timelessness of their work (in this case, in the sciences), but also because Hypatia&#8217;s cinematic life specifically provided the perfect script for Hollywood, inspiring films like Alejandro Amen&#225;bar&#8217;s <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1186830/">Agora</a></em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1186830/"> </a>(2009), starring Rachel Weisz.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>For the general public, the figure of Hypatia became synonymous with the film, which, although an excellent artistic creation, falls into a historical oversimplification: it presents Hypatia as the victim of a one-dimensional religious conflict.</p><p>But was that really the case?</p><h3>From Diocletian to Theodosius II: The Necessary Historical Context</h3><p>To understand the socio-political landscape of the time, we must look back at the Roman Empire&#8217;s path toward Christianization. Hypatia was born in 370 AD in a violently changing world. Sixty-seven years earlier, on February 23, 303, during the festival of the Terminalia, the Emperor Diocletian had issued an <strong>edict of persecution against Christians. </strong>But within a few decades, the persecuted would become the persecutors, and the intellectual haven of Alexandria would be torn apart by a ruthless struggle for power. To understand why <strong>Hypatia had to die</strong>, we have to look past the religious veil and expose the brutal socio-political reality.</p><h5><strong>Behind the paywall:</strong></h5><p><strong>The Life and Death of Hypatia: </strong>A woman at the top of a male-dominated pyramid.</p><p><strong>Visiting the Sources: </strong>What contemporary to Hypatia sources, historians, and her own students reveal about her life and the true circumstances of her death.</p><p><strong>The Forge of Byzantium: </strong>A new, Christian, Hellenized empire is being formed.</p><p><strong>From Paganism to Christianity: </strong>A socio-political, rather than purely religious, transition?</p><p><strong>A timeless legacy: </strong> The path toward women&#8217;s emancipation and scientific truth today. Why Hypatia matters.</p><p><strong>And finally</strong>: The whole essay in Greek.</p><h5><strong>Unearthing the true, unfiltered history of the transition from Paganism to Christianity&#8212;and figures like Hypatia&#8212;takes more than a quick online search. It requires many hours of meticulous research while I balance fatherhood, my work shifts, and my studies in archaeology and art history. If you value this kind of authentic, deep-dive history and want to support the effort behind it, upgrading to a paid subscription makes all the difference. Join our community to unlock the final, gripping chapters of Hypatia&#8217;s story.</strong></h5><p>Here&#8217;s 10% off to keep reading behind the paywall. (Further discounts apply for yearly subscriptions):</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?coupon=866d5c09&amp;utm_content=191104401&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Get 10% off forever&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?coupon=866d5c09&amp;utm_content=191104401"><span>Get 10% off forever</span></a></p><p>Whether it&#8217;s the price of a single coffee or a book, every contribution matters. Your support helps cover the research and resources needed to keep bringing history and archaeology to life&#8212;and goes directly toward funding my MA in Humanities. Thank you for making this work possible:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Help me fund my MA in Humanities&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Help me fund my MA in Humanities</span></a></p><p><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">About the author</a></p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Feminist Saint Philothei]]></title><description><![CDATA[A Pious Noblewoman&#8217;s Radical Activism in Ottoman Athens]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-feminist-saint-philothei</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-feminist-saint-philothei</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:30:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aNBA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4dea52c-6203-477c-8e66-6a64a5d308aa_796x541.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Today, we are traveling back to 16th-century Ottoman Athens. We will learn about a woman who was born into aristocracy and could have lived a life of quiet luxury and submission. Instead, she defied Ottoman pashas, fought the local elite, and built a sanctuary for abused and enslaved women.</p><p>Born Rigoula Benizelos, she was ultimately tortured to death for her defiance, only to be remembered by history as <strong>Saint Philothei</strong>.</p><p>Women like her are exactly why, on the 8th of March, we celebrate International Women&#8217;s Day, honoring the historical struggles of women for equal rights, suffrage, workplace equality, and freedom. From Aristophanes&#8217; comedy &#8220;<a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lysistrata-by-Aristophanes">Lysistrata</a>,&#8221; in which the women of Athens declare a sex strike and occupy the Acropolis to force the men to end the Peloponnesian War; to the Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, and Neoplatonic philosopher <a href="https://www.unesco.org/en/virtual-science-museum/women-science/hypatia-alexandria">Hypatia</a>; from the first female historian, the Byzantine princess <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/guide-to-byzantine-historical-writing/anna-komnene/8FE3195F7A5801EDC834EBEA2A9AC07B">Anna Komnene</a>, and the Athenian Saint Philothei, to the first female admiral in modern history, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laskarina_Bouboulina">Laskarina Bouboulina</a>, and the <a href="https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/when-did-women-first-go-on-strike-for-their-rights">strikes of female factory workers</a> in New York in 1857 up to the present day, this date remains an important reminder of the fight against violence, discriminations and the gender pay gap.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>To mark the occasion, I&#8217;ve chosen to highlight one of these remarkable women. I first encountered her story a few months ago while studying the <a href="https://archontiko-mpenizelon.gr/en/the-mansion-changes-throughout-its-life/">Benizelos Mansion</a>&#8212;the oldest house in Athens&#8212;as part of my course on Ottoman-era architecture. Since March is Women&#8217;s History Month, I plan to spend the coming weeks showcasing the lives of influential women to remind us why these celebrations still matter,, as even today, gender equality remains a goal rather than a given.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aNBA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4dea52c-6203-477c-8e66-6a64a5d308aa_796x541.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aNBA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4dea52c-6203-477c-8e66-6a64a5d308aa_796x541.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aNBA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4dea52c-6203-477c-8e66-6a64a5d308aa_796x541.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aNBA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4dea52c-6203-477c-8e66-6a64a5d308aa_796x541.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aNBA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4dea52c-6203-477c-8e66-6a64a5d308aa_796x541.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aNBA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4dea52c-6203-477c-8e66-6a64a5d308aa_796x541.jpeg" width="796" height="541" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a4dea52c-6203-477c-8e66-6a64a5d308aa_796x541.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:541,&quot;width&quot;:796,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:136349,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/190331194?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e25962f-1bf3-46de-b384-37739a912952_800x561.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aNBA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4dea52c-6203-477c-8e66-6a64a5d308aa_796x541.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aNBA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4dea52c-6203-477c-8e66-6a64a5d308aa_796x541.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aNBA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4dea52c-6203-477c-8e66-6a64a5d308aa_796x541.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aNBA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4dea52c-6203-477c-8e66-6a64a5d308aa_796x541.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Saint Philothei teaches young Athenian girls</figcaption></figure></div><p>Saint Philothei of Athens (1522&#8211;1589) is one of the aforementioned women who stands out as an iconic figure. From a feminist perspective, she represents self-determination, female solidarity, and social subversion. Through her actions, Philothei did not confine herself to traditional religious duties; rather, she acted as a pioneering social activist who used her wealth to elevate the status of women, displaying a free spirit that refused to be trapped by the restrictions of her gender or the subjugated society she lived in, only to be tortured to death.</p><p>Before we delve into the details of her life, it is worth saying a few words about the historical context in which Saint Philothei lived, as this will make her actions and their significance much easier to understand.</p><p><strong>Desecrating the dying body of the Byzantine Empire</strong></p><p>Interestingly, the Ottomans did not conquer Athens from the Byzantines. From 1204 to 1456, Athens was under Frankish rule (<em>Frankokratia</em>) as the Duchy of Athens: After the Fourth Crusade, the de la Roche family (French, 1205&#8211;1308) became the first dukes, followed by the Brienne family (1308), the Catalan mercenaries (1311&#8211;1388) whose rule was notoriously oppressive, briefly the Navarrese Company (1390), and finally the Acciaiuoli (Italians from Florence, 1395&#8211;1456)&#8212;the family that lost the city to Omer Bey, Mehmed&#8217;s general, in 1456, a precursor to the Ottoman capture of the Acropolis fortress in 1458.</p><p>In late 1204, Boniface of Montferrat, military leader of the 4th Crusade, after sacking Constantiople and losing the title of Latin Emperor to Baldwin of Flanders, founded the Kingdom of Thessalonica and marched into southern Greece. He captured Athens, and the Franks proceeded to sack the city. The Church of Panagia Atheniotissa (the Virgin of Athens) inside the Parthenon was pillaged, and the metropolitan library with its precious manuscripts&#8212;curated by the Byzantine scholar and Metropolitan Michael Choniates&#8212;was completely destroyed.</p><h5><strong>Behind the paywall: </strong></h5><p><strong>Athens of Knights and Sultans: </strong>The time when &#8220;French was better spoken in Greece than in France&#8221;!</p><p><strong>The Benizelos Mansion</strong>: Athens&#8217; oldest house and Saint Philothei&#8217;s ancestral home.</p><p><strong>Philanthropy and resistance</strong>: How Saint Philothei&#8217;s work infuriated both Ottoman authorities and the local elite.</p><p><strong>Martyrdom and a timeless legacy of emancipation</strong>: Why Saint Philothei is still relevant.</p><p><strong>And finally</strong>: The dismissal hymn (apolytikion) dedicated to her&#8212;a hauntingly beautiful post-byzantine chant that will immerse you in a world of otherworldly serenity and profound devotion.</p><h5>Unearthing the true, unfiltered history of Ottoman Athens and figures like Saint Philothei takes more than a quick online search. It requires many hours of meticulous research and on-site study&#8212;like that on the Benizelos Mansion&#8212;while I balance fatherhood, my police shifts, and my studies in archaeology. If you value this kind of authentic, deep-dive history and want to support the effort behind it, upgrading to a paid subscription makes all the difference. Join our community to unlock the final, gripping chapters of Saint Philothei's story.</h5><p>Here's 10% off to keep reading behind the paywall. Further discount for yearly subscriptions:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?coupon=866d5c09&amp;utm_content=190331194&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Get 10% off forever&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?coupon=866d5c09&amp;utm_content=190331194"><span>Get 10% off forever</span></a></p><p>Whether it&#8217;s just the price of a single coffee or a book, every contribution matters. Donations help cover research, writing, and the resources needed to keep sharing my passion for uncovering the past and bringing history, archaeology, and culture to life:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Help me fund my MA in Humanities&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Help me fund my MA in Humanities</span></a></p><p><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">About the author</a></p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[One year of Studying History: A dream coming true]]></title><description><![CDATA[From a personal therapy session to a thriving community. Thank you for being here (plus an anniversary gift).]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/one-year-of-studying-history-anniversary-gift</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/one-year-of-studying-history-anniversary-gift</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2026 23:55:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/673ad5f8-5fda-4466-9a32-b5951c53136c_252x166.gif" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>So, here we are.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jXCT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac30dda6-1620-4560-bc36-cfbd7252ad3f_252x166.gif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jXCT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac30dda6-1620-4560-bc36-cfbd7252ad3f_252x166.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jXCT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac30dda6-1620-4560-bc36-cfbd7252ad3f_252x166.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jXCT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac30dda6-1620-4560-bc36-cfbd7252ad3f_252x166.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jXCT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac30dda6-1620-4560-bc36-cfbd7252ad3f_252x166.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jXCT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac30dda6-1620-4560-bc36-cfbd7252ad3f_252x166.gif" width="482" height="317.5079365079365" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ac30dda6-1620-4560-bc36-cfbd7252ad3f_252x166.gif&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:166,&quot;width&quot;:252,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:482,&quot;bytes&quot;:458295,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/gif&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/189398339?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac30dda6-1620-4560-bc36-cfbd7252ad3f_252x166.gif&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jXCT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac30dda6-1620-4560-bc36-cfbd7252ad3f_252x166.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jXCT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac30dda6-1620-4560-bc36-cfbd7252ad3f_252x166.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jXCT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac30dda6-1620-4560-bc36-cfbd7252ad3f_252x166.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jXCT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac30dda6-1620-4560-bc36-cfbd7252ad3f_252x166.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>One year of Studying History. One year of documenting my belated academic journey. One year of capturing my love for history, archaeology, and culture. What started as a personal therapy session meant to be read by a few Facebook friends, has ended up being read by over 24,000 subscribers! And right when I started my studies in my 40&#8217;s as a hobby, paths I couldn&#8217;t have even imagined a year ago are suddenly opening up.</p><p>Over the past year, I tried to explain&#8212;first and foremost to myself&#8212;what pushes a man in his 40s to return to the classroom, using the quote of the ancient Greek lawmaker Solon, &#8220;<a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">I grow old always learning</a>,&#8221; in a stack that was destined to become the &#8220;<a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">About the author</a>&#8221; under every new stack of mine.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Driven by a dialogue I frequently have with my children, I also explored the reasons <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/why-study-history">why one should study history</a>. That stack eventually got pinned to the homepage of my Substack. It might be simply put, yet I feel it captures my essence completely.</p><p>The stories I didn&#8217;t have time to turn into a separate stack, became hundreds (literally!) of Notes, where many times an interesting discussion takes place in the comments below, fueling new Notes and new stacks. Thus, we dealt with everything from <a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory/note/c-125426216?r=3lt4gu">Mycenaean swords</a> and the <a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory/note/c-133597568?r=3lt4gu">evolution of ancient </a><a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory/note/c-179963093?r=3lt4gu">sculpture</a>, to <a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory/note/c-187374366?r=3lt4gu">Baroque </a>and <a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory/note/c-209012746?r=3lt4gu">modern</a> <a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory/note/c-179458852?r=3lt4gu">art</a>, <a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory/note/c-176107774?utm_source=notes-share-action&amp;r=3lt4gu">classic literature</a> and the <a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory/note/c-188585171">visit of the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople to Nicaea</a>, Turkey, or the <a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory/note/c-190976850?r=3lt4gu">origins of the true Santa Claus</a>. &#913;t the same time, we have created a community in the <a href="https://substack.com/chat/4163057">subscriber chat room</a> where we&#8217;re able to exchange thoughts in real-time, share our news and interesting finds, and dive deeper into the topics we love.</p><p>Out of the dozens of stacks I&#8217;ve written, my absolute favorites are the ones that use <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/ozymandias-breaking-bad-shelley-best-rated-episode-poem-walter-white">poetry </a>to comment on <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/to-have-taken-the-trouble-new-york-mayor-elections">current events</a>, <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/200bc">bring history to life</a>, or simply describe <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/o-captain-my-captain">how I feel</a>&#8212;some of these are available exclusively to paid subscribers. Not only do your subscriptions and <a href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory">donations </a>help me to keep my passion alive&#8212;uncovering the past and bringing history&#8217;s hidden gems to life, but they have one very practical impact: two months ago, I started my Master&#8217;s degree in Humanities and Teaching, building on the foundation of my first degree. With your support, you are literally <a href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory">helping me fund it</a>, while I try to balance work, family, studies, and my love for writing.</p><h5>To celebrate our 1-year anniversary and to thank you for being on this journey with me, I am offering a 24% discount for the next few days. If you enjoy my work and want to support my academic journey, this is the best time to upgrade! Further discount for annual subscriptions. </h5><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?coupon=6bafa2cb&amp;utm_content=189398339&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Get 24% off for 1 year&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?coupon=6bafa2cb&amp;utm_content=189398339"><span>Get 24% off for 1 year</span></a></p><p>Meanwhile, I got certified a few months ago in <a href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory/extras">teaching</a> <a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory/note/c-217864943">Greek </a>as a <a href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory/extras">foreign language</a>, and I&#8217;m dipping my toes into my <a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory/note/c-217864943">next steps in the professional arena</a>.</p><p>A lot of exciting things are in the works, starting with a series of articles on Ottoman Athens, as part of my <a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory/note/c-180311773?r=3lt4gu&amp;utm_source=notes-share-action&amp;utm_medium=web">academic research</a> during the past six months on the subject. We&#8217;ll explore how a city with the heavy legacy of Athens lived under Ottoman rule for 400 years, only to become the capital of the newly founded Greek state. A history full of Ottoman Sultans, Byzantine aristocrats, Frankish and Italian lords, and even &#8220;feminists&#8221; who were canonized as saints.</p><p>One year later, I want to thank you from the bottom of my heart. With <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/venezuela-a-brief-historical-lesson">so many staggering events</a> happening in the world lately, it seems <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-ghost-of-thucydides-on-diplomacy">Thucydides</a>, the Father of (scientific) History, was right: history does repeat itself, and human nature remains the same throughout the ages. Ultimately, <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/why-study-history">those who do study history are doomed to stand by helplessly while everyone else repeats it</a>.</p><p>Stay tuned!</p><div class="poll-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:462253}" data-component-name="PollToDOM"></div><p>Whether it&#8217;s just the price of a single coffee or a book, every contribution matters. Donations help cover research, writing, and the resources needed to keep sharing my passion for uncovering the past and bringing history, archaeology, and culture to life:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Help me fund my MA in Humanities&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Help me fund my MA in Humanities</span></a></p><p><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">About the author</a> </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y48E!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8117fc95-169e-4f77-80b5-8268f7479d0a_480x360.gif" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[From Nestor's Cup to Nobel Glory: The Greek Alphabet's Odyssey]]></title><description><![CDATA[Celebrating International Greek Language Day]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/from-nestors-cup-to-nobel-glory-greek-language-history</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/from-nestors-cup-to-nobel-glory-greek-language-history</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 10 Feb 2026 11:37:53 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npp8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7399028-d59a-4f0f-a201-fa1dec3a3308_604x390.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>&#8220;&#932;&#951; &#947;&#955;&#974;&#963;&#963;&#945; &#956;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#948;&#969;&#963;&#945;&#957; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942; / &#964;&#959; &#963;&#960;&#943;&#964;&#953; &#966;&#964;&#969;&#967;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#963;&#964;&#953;&#962; &#945;&#956;&#956;&#959;&#965;&#948;&#953;&#941;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#927;&#956;&#942;&#961;&#959;&#965;&#8221;</strong></em></p><p><em>(The language they gave me was Greek; / a poor house on Homer&#8217;s shores.)</em></p><p><a href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/odysseus-elytis">Odysseus Elytis</a>. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Axion-Esti">The Axion Esti</a> (The Passion, Psalm II)</p><p>February 9th, dedicated to Greece&#8217;s national poet <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/declaration-of-independence">Dionysios Solomos</a>, has been established as World Greek Language Day following a unanimous decision by UNESCO&#8217;s 90 member states, marking a historic recognition of the Greek language&#8217;s contribution to global culture. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npp8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7399028-d59a-4f0f-a201-fa1dec3a3308_604x390.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npp8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7399028-d59a-4f0f-a201-fa1dec3a3308_604x390.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npp8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7399028-d59a-4f0f-a201-fa1dec3a3308_604x390.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npp8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7399028-d59a-4f0f-a201-fa1dec3a3308_604x390.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npp8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7399028-d59a-4f0f-a201-fa1dec3a3308_604x390.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npp8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7399028-d59a-4f0f-a201-fa1dec3a3308_604x390.webp" width="636" height="410.6622516556291" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c7399028-d59a-4f0f-a201-fa1dec3a3308_604x390.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:390,&quot;width&quot;:604,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:636,&quot;bytes&quot;:30852,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/webp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/187460749?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7399028-d59a-4f0f-a201-fa1dec3a3308_604x390.webp&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npp8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7399028-d59a-4f0f-a201-fa1dec3a3308_604x390.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npp8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7399028-d59a-4f0f-a201-fa1dec3a3308_604x390.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npp8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7399028-d59a-4f0f-a201-fa1dec3a3308_604x390.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npp8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7399028-d59a-4f0f-a201-fa1dec3a3308_604x390.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#8220;<strong>Those who know letters see double</strong>&#8221; is the translation of the Ancient Greek inscription  &#8220;<strong>&#916;&#921;&#928;&#923;&#927;&#933;&#925; &#927;&#929;&#937;&#931;&#921;&#925; &#927;&#921; &#924;&#913;&#920;&#927;&#925;&#932;&#917;&#931; &#915;&#929;&#913;&#924;&#924;&#913;&#932;&#913;</strong>&#8221;, written in gold at the entrance of the secretariat building at The University of Edinburgh. The Pythagorean expression refers to a better understanding of things through education. </figcaption></figure></div><p>The initiative to establish a day dedicated to the Greek language began in 2014, inspired by Professor Giannis Korinthios, then President of the Federation of Greek Communities and Brotherhoods in Italy (FCCEI). Classical high schools and the Greek Community of Naples and Campania led the mobilization. Initially, there was a draft law titled &#8220;Establishment of World Hellenophony and Greek Culture Day&#8221; proposing May 20th, possible birth date of Socrates. Ultimately, February 9th marks the death of Dionysios Solomos (1798&#8211;1857), the poet who penned Greece's national anthem&#8212;making it the perfect date for International Greek Language Day. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>&#8220;<em>Through the establishment of this world day, we aim to highlight the fundamental role played by the Greek language throughout the centuries, substantially contributing to the establishment of both European and global culture. In antiquity, the Greek language became the carrier of the formation and transmission of significant scientific theories, philosophical considerations, and literary texts. Shortly thereafter, the most important texts of Christianity were written in Greek to spread worldwide. Over the centuries, its contribution as a means of preserving and disseminating Greek culture has been decisive, and it survives to this day, in its modern form, as one of the world&#8217;s longest-living languages</em>,&#8221; states a circular from the Greek Ministry of Education. </p><h5></h5><p>In November 2025, during the 43rd UNESCO General Conference in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, February 9th was <a href="https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/world-greek-language-day">officially proclaimed</a> as <strong>World Greek Language Day</strong>: </p><p>&#8220;<em>Following the decision adopted at the recent UNESCO General Conference concerning the Greek language and its contribution to universal culture, the <strong>U</strong>nited <strong>N</strong>ations <strong>E</strong>ducational, <strong>S</strong>cientific and <strong>C</strong>ultural <strong>O</strong>rganization, in accordance with United Nations General Assembly Resolution 71/328 on multilingualism and the importance of linguistic diversity for cultural diversity, has proclaimed 9 February of each year as World Greek Language Day.</em>&#8221;</p><h5>Whether it&#8217;s just the price of a single frapp&#233; coffee or a book, every contribution matters. Donations help cover research, writing, and the resources needed to keep sharing my passion for the Greek language and culture:</h5><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Help me fund my MA in Humanities&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Help me fund my MA in Humanities</span></a></p><p>Events are taking place in educational institutions in Greece and university Greek language departments worldwide to celebrate the day.</p><p>A few years ago, on the occasion of World Greek Language Day, the General Secretariat of Public Diplomacy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs published a YouTube campaign titled &#8220;<em>Did you know you speak Greek</em>?&#8221;:</p><div id="youtube2-uNbDzoROpZo" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;uNbDzoROpZo&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/uNbDzoROpZo?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>On the occasion of February 9th, 2026 celebrations, <strong>Romania&#8217;s President Nicu&#537;or Dan</strong> emphasized  to the Athens News Agency the decisive role of the Greek language in shaping Europe&#8217;s cultural heritage, philosophy, sciences, and arts, and in affirming Romania&#8217;s identity as a modern, democratic European state:</p><p>&#8220;<em>The Greek language was the foundation on which philosophy, sciences, arts, and political concepts supporting modern democracies developed. Through it, reflection on citizen freedom and dignity, respect for law and conscience, and responsibility for societies&#8217; collaboration in service of the common good, peace, and prosperity was shaped.<strong> In today&#8217;s context, where democracies are tested by resurgent extremism and value crises, the need for renewed reflection on Europe&#8217;s humanistic heritage&#8212;transmitted through the Greek language</strong> and great figures of the Greek people&#8212;becomes even more urgent.</em>&#8221; </p><p>Spain, particularly Catalonia&#8212;which prides itself on maintaining unquenchable roots with Greece through the Phocaean colony at Emporio (Emp&#250;ries)&#8212;highlights the special affection, as noted by distinguished Hellenist, <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/god-abandons-antony">Cavafy</a> translator, and corresponding member of the Athens Academy, Eusebi Ayensa Prat: &#8220;<em>The Spanish State (and Catalonia in particular) is historically a country that has produced great Hellenists. Focusing only on Catalonia, names like Carles Riba (Cavafy&#8217;s first Catalan translator), Josep Alsina, or Alexis-Eudald Sol&#224; rank among Europe&#8217;s top Hellenists of the last century. Universities have significant schools for teaching mainly ancient Greek&#8212;which often serves as a gateway to modern Greek&#8212;but also modern Greek literature schools</em>.&#8221;</p><p>As Mr. Ayensa explains, &#8220;<em>although the law allows ancient Greek to be offered in both years even with very few students, in practice many school directors (with educational inspectorate support) prevent it. This forces the teacher&#8212;with few students&#8212;to teach another subject deemed more &#8216;useful&#8217; for the school, without considering that <strong>Greek humanism deeply nourishes our cultural roots as a Mediterranean country.</strong></em>&#8221; He emphasizes the interest of many students, thanks to mobility and Erasmus programs, who discover Greece, love the place and our language, and many are initiated into it.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Italian author Elena D&#8217;Ambrogio Navone on the same occasion also noted: &#8220;<em>The Greek language is a source that spans the centuries. In every word lies the breath of the Aegean, the courage to question existence itself. In my book The Nights of Kos, tradition is an echo of living presence; the islands, the light, the memories transform the Greek language into an emotional experience, like an inner homeland. Its future cannot but continue to be bright. As long as someone writes, loves, and dreams in Greek, this language will never cease to be reborn.&#8221;</em></p><p>Francesco Neri, director of the Italian Institute in Athens, fluent in Greek and ardent admirer of modern Greek literature, underscores his experience and conveys the enduring attraction of Greek language and letters in the neighboring country: &#8220;<em>Like thousands of Italians, I began learning ancient Greek at Classical High School (Liceo Classico) at age 14, and I can say I never abandoned it. My love for ancient civilization later awakened my desire to know modern Greece and its language</em>.&#8221; He adds: &#8220;<em><strong>The study of Greek</strong> in Italy as a compulsory subject in Classical High Schools <strong>is an excellent opportunity to connect with the invaluable heritage of antiquity</strong>. The fact that Italy is the country in the world where ancient Greek is studied more than anywhere else enriches relations of all kinds between our two countries and makes them, in a way, special</em>.&#8221;</p><p>What is the oldest Greek inscription though, not using Mycenaean Linear B, but the letters later adopted via the Greek colonies in Italy by the Etruscans, from them the Romans, and from the Romans the entire Western world? </p><p><strong>Behind the paywall:</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>The Dawn of Writing:</strong> Trace the Greek alphabet&#8217;s first steps in antiquity&#8212;from the enigmatic inscriptions of <strong>Nestor&#8217;s Cup</strong> to its widespread adoption across the Mediterranean.</p><p><strong>The Voice of Epic:</strong> Experience the earliest artfully crafted monuments of Greek literature. Includes exclusive read-alouds of the <em>Iliad</em>, <em>Odyssey</em>, and <em>Theogony</em> prooimia (preludes) in Modern Greek, and <strong>the Apostle Paul&#8217;s</strong> &#8216;<em>Hymn to Love</em>&#8217; in the original Ancient Greek text.</p><p><strong>A Living Legacy:</strong> Journey through the evolution of the language&#8212;from the Hellenistic <em>lingua franca</em> and the Koine of the Bible to the preservation of wisdom by Byzantine scholars and the poems of modern Nobel laureates. Read a humanistic Byzantine epigram&#8212;an ode to Plato and Plutarch&#8212;and discover Solomos&#8217; reference to the <strong>American Declaration of Independence</strong> in his <em>Hymn to Liberty</em>, the origin of the Greek national anthem.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?coupon=866d5c09&amp;utm_content=187460749&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Get 10% off forever&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?coupon=866d5c09&amp;utm_content=187460749"><span>Get 10% off forever</span></a></p></li></ul><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Help me fund my MA in Humanities&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Help me fund my MA in Humanities</span></a></p>
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The Kapodistrias Phenomenon]]></title><description><![CDATA[The Governor&#8217;s Second Death in the Cinema Theaters]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/kapodistrias-movie-review-history-vs-hagiography</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/kapodistrias-movie-review-history-vs-hagiography</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 09 Feb 2026 00:16:18 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DX0G!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5087e641-e1d8-471a-806c-ba1106534320_1375x729.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DX0G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5087e641-e1d8-471a-806c-ba1106534320_1375x729.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DX0G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5087e641-e1d8-471a-806c-ba1106534320_1375x729.jpeg" width="1375" height="729" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DX0G!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5087e641-e1d8-471a-806c-ba1106534320_1375x729.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DX0G!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5087e641-e1d8-471a-806c-ba1106534320_1375x729.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DX0G!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5087e641-e1d8-471a-806c-ba1106534320_1375x729.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DX0G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5087e641-e1d8-471a-806c-ba1106534320_1375x729.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Antonis Myriagkos as Kapodistrias</figcaption></figure></div><h6>&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;</h6><p>Two weeks ago, an article I wrote about a <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt38747537/">film</a> that has been smashing box office records in Greece since Christmas was published in Estia, the country&#8217;s oldest nationwide newspaper. I promised back then in <a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory/note/c-201487993?r=3lt4gu&amp;utm_source=notes-share-action&amp;utm_medium=web">Notes</a> that I would publish it in English, but due to exams consuming all my time over the last few weeks, I haven&#8217;t been able to do so until today. Here is a little backstory for those who haven&#8217;t read my series of articles on modern Greek history, which culminate in the assassination of its first&#8212;and last&#8212;Governor:</p><p><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/giovanni-antonio-vittori-capodistria">Count Ioannis Kapodistrias</a> was an internationally renowned diplomat who served, among other roles, as Foreign Minister of Russia, until his election by the insurgent Greeks in 1827 as the country&#8217;s first Governor. A country, of course, that did not yet exist and was in dire straits after six years of struggle against the Turks and two civil wars. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0806631/">Yannis Smaragdis</a>&#8217;s <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt38747537/">film</a> is dedicated to this great noble patriot, but it has sparked a great deal of negative commentary. Despite its box office success, it is rife with historical inaccuracies and seems to be more an attempt to make a saint out of him&#8212;aiming to appeal to the patriotic and religious sentiments of the Greeks&#8212;than a genuine historical film. This, was the subject of my article.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p-4d!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe785f7b9-155d-4ecc-8343-fdf9ebf925b4_525x362.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p-4d!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe785f7b9-155d-4ecc-8343-fdf9ebf925b4_525x362.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p-4d!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe785f7b9-155d-4ecc-8343-fdf9ebf925b4_525x362.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p-4d!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe785f7b9-155d-4ecc-8343-fdf9ebf925b4_525x362.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p-4d!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe785f7b9-155d-4ecc-8343-fdf9ebf925b4_525x362.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p-4d!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe785f7b9-155d-4ecc-8343-fdf9ebf925b4_525x362.jpeg" width="541" height="373.03238095238095" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e785f7b9-155d-4ecc-8343-fdf9ebf925b4_525x362.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:362,&quot;width&quot;:525,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:541,&quot;bytes&quot;:91410,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/187338447?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14e7c277-846f-4d00-b7f6-6a61cc583f27_526x526.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p-4d!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe785f7b9-155d-4ecc-8343-fdf9ebf925b4_525x362.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p-4d!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe785f7b9-155d-4ecc-8343-fdf9ebf925b4_525x362.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p-4d!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe785f7b9-155d-4ecc-8343-fdf9ebf925b4_525x362.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p-4d!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe785f7b9-155d-4ecc-8343-fdf9ebf925b4_525x362.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#8220;It has been over three weeks since its premiere, but Seneca said there is no better cure for anger than delay. And it seems that the &#8220;Kapodistrias&#8221; film genuinely provoked both angry reactions and commercial success. So, now that the dust has somewhat settled, perhaps it is the best time to talk about it.</p><p>In September 1831, <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-assassination-of-a-nations-hope">the first Governor of Greece, this humble nobleman, was assassinated</a>. Little could he have imagined that 195 years after his death, he would cause a National Schism. Because it is truly impressive how quickly we rush to pick sides on issues that occupy public opinion, and with what excessive zeal we defend our choice.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Help me fund my MA in Humanities&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Help me fund my MA in Humanities</span></a></p><p>Like modern-day Robespierres, some rushed to send to the guillotine anyone who expressed a positive view of the <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt38747537/">film</a>. In order to expose the obvious historical inaccuracies, they established an online Reign of Terror, nullifying almost any positive attribute Kapodistrias possessed as a man and a leader. Yet those who liked the movie are probably not nationalists, and neither are those who disliked it anti-Greek.</p><p>It is true that Kapodistrias did not found Switzerland, nor did he write its constitution. However, for <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/lighting-the-fuse">his role in the struggle for the independence and stabilization of Switzerland</a>, the addition of the canton of Geneva to the confederation, and the autonomy of the canton of Vaud, Kapodistrias received honorary distinctions, with the cities of Geneva and Lausanne naming him an Honorary Burgess (<em>Bourgeois d&#8217;Honneur</em>) and Honorary Citizen (<em>Citoyen d&#8217;Honneur</em>), respectively.</p><p>It is also true that he was not connected to the <em>Filiki Eteria</em> (Society of Friends) as implied in the film, nor with the preparation of the Revolution. But during the Congress of Vienna in 1815, he founded the <em>Philomuse Society</em>, with the aim of establishing schools in Greece, helping poor students, publishing classical authors, and &#8216;<em>discovering antiquities of all kinds.</em>&#8217; In fact, <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/giovanni-antonio-vittori-capodistria">he criticized the actions of the </a><em><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/giovanni-antonio-vittori-capodistria">Filiki Eteria</a></em>, as did many others, because he did not believe <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/lighting-the-fuse">the Europe of the Holy Alliance</a> was ready for an independent nation-state. He was a rationalist, and logic dictated that any such undertaking would be doomed. <strong>Yet Revolutions are not won with logic.</strong></p><p>By 1827, the Revolution was breathing its last. Only a few areas of the Peloponnese and certain islands remained liberated from Ottoman rule. Yet, the Greeks had won simply by not losing. They had remained&#8212;albeit barely&#8212;alive until the moment the commitments of the Powers in Vienna 12 years prior were forgotten, and the climate shifted in their favor. It was Kapodistrias&#8217;s moment. He, however, had no relation to the democrat presented in the film, as he grew up in an environment where enlightened despotism was praised; no matter how heretical he was as an aristocrat, he remained a representative of the <em>Ancien R&#233;gime</em>.</p><p>His governance was undoubtedly authoritarian and centralized, and he openly expressed his deep disdain and mistrust toward the traditional leadership groups of the Struggle. The most revolutionary spirits, just weeks after his arrival, began to look back to classical times and speak of the virtue of tyrannicide&#8212;led notably by Anastasios Polyzoidis, a jurist and publisher of the newspaper <em>Apollo</em> in Hydra, who later presided over the court that tried <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoros_Kolokotronis">Kolokotronis </a>and found him innocent.</p><p>Kapodistrias answered his critics by saying, &#8216;<em>"First, give bread to the <strong>hungry</strong>&#8212;then political rights.</em>&#8217; He did not indiscriminately embrace the ideas of the French Revolution and the progressive democratic principle of popular sovereignty, which had been enacted by the National Assembly that elected him Governor. The creation of a strong central authority from scratch required, at that time, centralized governance and the transfer of power from traditional local centers to the capital, something that provoked reactions.</p><p>Kolokotronis himself would later characteristically say: &#8216;<em>(Kapodistrias) destroyed Greece because he wanted to make it Frankish (Western) immediately, whereas in the beginning, he should have made it three parts Frankish and seven Turkish, later half-and-half, and in the end, completely Frankish.</em>&#8217; On the eve of his assassination, he had made an enemy of almost every protagonist of the Revolution.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R3Ha!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0428420f-3d85-47e7-8aa3-213a3c6ff584_526x526.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R3Ha!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0428420f-3d85-47e7-8aa3-213a3c6ff584_526x526.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R3Ha!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0428420f-3d85-47e7-8aa3-213a3c6ff584_526x526.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R3Ha!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0428420f-3d85-47e7-8aa3-213a3c6ff584_526x526.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R3Ha!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0428420f-3d85-47e7-8aa3-213a3c6ff584_526x526.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R3Ha!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0428420f-3d85-47e7-8aa3-213a3c6ff584_526x526.jpeg" width="526" height="526" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0428420f-3d85-47e7-8aa3-213a3c6ff584_526x526.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:526,&quot;width&quot;:526,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:37073,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/187338447?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0428420f-3d85-47e7-8aa3-213a3c6ff584_526x526.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R3Ha!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0428420f-3d85-47e7-8aa3-213a3c6ff584_526x526.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R3Ha!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0428420f-3d85-47e7-8aa3-213a3c6ff584_526x526.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R3Ha!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0428420f-3d85-47e7-8aa3-213a3c6ff584_526x526.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R3Ha!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0428420f-3d85-47e7-8aa3-213a3c6ff584_526x526.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Maximos Moumouris as Kolokotronis</figcaption></figure></div><p>But why was he finally <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-assassination-of-a-nations-hope">assassinated</a>? The only certainty is that the British archives of the era are not classified. The other Great Powers certainly did not look kindly upon how close Russia was with Kapodistrias. Nevertheless, they had admitted that there was no one better to govern until the arrival of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_of_Greece">foreign king</a>, to whom Kapodistrias himself had agreed. It is most likely that the motives of the Mavromichalis family were much humbler than we think: A simple, traditional, Maniot vendetta. A crime of honor, regarding the undignified way&#8212;in their view&#8212;that Kapodistrias treated their clan and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrobey_Mavromichalis">Petrobey </a>specifically.</p><p>Some film critics and historians rushed to blame the uncultivated audience that cannot identify artistic and historical flaws and delights in metaphysical exaggerations and enlightened leaders. But who is to blame that the public does not know history? That they thirst for good cinema? Did some of those now wagging their fingers play a role in the devaluation of history education and the humanities, and the fact that while twenty years ago we were spoilt for choice, we now struggle to find even a handful of good movies each year?</p><p>Smaragdis himself, of course, unable to comprehend the negative reviews, recently stated that works of art must recall goodness, the positive element, not the negative. <strong>But art actually functions as a mirror of human experience. It heals by showing the negative as well, bringing about catharsis, and criticism&#8212;if we are open to it&#8212;makes us better.</strong></p><p>Undoubtedly, Kapodistrias, through his work, his diplomatic actions, and his vision, <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-assassination-of-a-nations-hope">laid the foundations for a stable, modern, European state</a>. The first independent nation-state from the entrails of the Ottoman Empire, making the Greek Revolution the first liberal-national movement to succeed in the Old World of Europe. That is why the <a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory/note/c-182073778?r=3lt4gu&amp;utm_source=notes-share-action&amp;utm_medium=web">Franco-Swiss philhellene Eynard</a>, whose bust we have erected in the National Garden, upon hearing of the assassination of the Governor and his friend, said that whoever murdered Kapodistrias murdered his homeland, and that his death was a pan-European misfortune.</p><p>Kapodistrias was not a saint, however, just as no protagonist of a significant historical period was a saint. Not <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoros_Kolokotronis">Kolokotronis</a>, not <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charilaos_Trikoupis">Trikoupis</a>, not <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos">Venizelos</a>, nor anyone else. The success of the movie showed that we have a need for films like this. Perhaps better films, with more inventive scripts and richer production values. Films that will start the conversation about historical periods and divisive events that haunt us and ultimately shape us.</p><p>Just as it showed that we have a need for leaders, but not for Messiahs. Leaders who will operate in a Europe now mature and <strong>democratically satiated</strong>&#8212;serving as a model to every corner of the world.&#8221; </p><p>Until the next stack, &#7956;&#961;&#961;&#969;&#963;&#952;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#949;&#8016;&#948;&#945;&#953;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#949;&#8150;&#964;&#949;.</p><p><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">About the author</a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Whether it&#8217;s just the price of a single frapp&#233; coffee or a book, every contribution matters. Donations help cover research, writing, and the resources needed to keep sharing my passion for uncovering the past and bringing history, archaeology, and culture to life:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Help me fund my MA in Humanities&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Help me fund my MA in Humanities</span></a></p><p>&#8220;<em>Why does the word &#8216;Greece&#8217; evoke such strong emotional resonance for most people in the West? For many, &#8220;Greece&#8221; is synonymous with &#8220;Ancient Greece,&#8221; the civilization that gave much of what defines the Western world today, or even with Byzantium, the Greek-speaking Roman Empire that serves as the vital link between ancient Greece and the modern nation-state forged after more than 400 years of Ottoman rule. But how did modern Greece become so closely connected to the legacy of the ancients, and how did it shape an identity that is both Greek and contemporary?</em>&#8221;</p><p>Read the series of stacks on modern Greek history that culminated in Kapodistrias&#8217; assassination, <em><strong><a href="https://linktr.ee/ModernGreekHistory">here</a></strong></em>. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&amp;gift=true&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Give a gift subscription&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&amp;gift=true"><span>Give a gift subscription</span></a></p><h6>&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;</h6><p>&#8220;&#927; &#931;&#949;&#957;&#941;&#954;&#945;&#962; &#941;&#967;&#949;&#953; 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&#954;&#945;&#964;&#945;&#955;&#940;&#947;&#953;&#945;&#963;&#949; &#954;&#940;&#960;&#969;&#962; &#959; &#954;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#957;&#953;&#945;&#967;&#964;&#972;&#962;, &#943;&#963;&#969;&#962; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#951; &#954;&#945;&#955;&#973;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#951; &#963;&#964;&#953;&#947;&#956;&#942; &#957;&#945; &#956;&#953;&#955;&#942;&#963;&#959;&#965;&#956;&#949; &#947;&#953;&#8217; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#942;.</p><p>&#932;&#959;&#957; &#931;&#949;&#960;&#964;&#941;&#956;&#946;&#961;&#953;&#959; &#964;&#959;&#965; 1831, &#959; &#960;&#961;&#974;&#964;&#959;&#962; &#922;&#965;&#946;&#949;&#961;&#957;&#942;&#964;&#951;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#948;&#945;&#962; , &#959; &#964;&#945;&#960;&#949;&#953;&#957;&#972;&#962; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#972;&#962; &#949;&#965;&#960;&#945;&#964;&#961;&#943;&#948;&#951;&#962;, &#948;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#966;&#959;&#957;&#942;&#952;&#951;&#954;&#949;. &#928;&#959;&#973; &#957;&#945; &#966;&#945;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#950;&#972;&#964;&#945;&#957; 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&#959; &#932;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#973;&#960;&#951;&#962;, &#959;&#973;&#964;&#949; &#959; &#914;&#949;&#957;&#953;&#950;&#941;&#955;&#959;&#962;, &#959;&#973;&#964;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#957;&#941;&#957;&#945;&#962; &#940;&#955;&#955;&#959;&#962;. &#919; &#949;&#960;&#953;&#964;&#965;&#967;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#964;&#945;&#953;&#957;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#941;&#948;&#949;&#953;&#958;&#949; &#972;&#964;&#953; &#941;&#967;&#959;&#965;&#956;&#949; &#945;&#957;&#940;&#947;&#954;&#951; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#945;&#953;&#957;&#943;&#949;&#962; &#963;&#945;&#957; &#954;&#953; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#942;. &#922;&#945;&#955;&#973;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#949;&#962; &#943;&#963;&#969;&#962; &#964;&#945;&#953;&#957;&#943;&#949;&#962;, &#956;&#949; &#949;&#965;&#961;&#951;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#959; &#963;&#949;&#957;&#940;&#961;&#953;&#959; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#963;&#953;&#972;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#951; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#945;&#947;&#969;&#947;&#942;. &#932;&#945;&#953;&#957;&#943;&#949;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#952;&#945; &#958;&#949;&#954;&#953;&#957;&#959;&#973;&#957; &#964;&#951; &#963;&#965;&#950;&#942;&#964;&#951;&#963;&#951; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#941;&#962; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#972;&#948;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#948;&#953;&#967;&#945;&#963;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#947;&#949;&#947;&#959;&#957;&#972;&#964;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#956;&#945;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#953;&#967;&#949;&#953;&#974;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#949;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#956;&#945;&#962; &#948;&#953;&#945;&#956;&#959;&#961;&#966;&#974;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#957;. &#908;&#960;&#969;&#962; &#941;&#948;&#949;&#953;&#958;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#972;&#964;&#953; &#941;&#967;&#959;&#965;&#956;&#949; &#945;&#957;&#940;&#947;&#954;&#951; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#951;&#947;&#941;&#964;&#949;&#962;, &#956;&#945; &#972;&#967;&#953; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#924;&#949;&#963;&#963;&#943;&#949;&#962;. &#919;&#947;&#941;&#964;&#949;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#952;&#945; &#955;&#949;&#953;&#964;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#947;&#959;&#973;&#957; &#963;&#949; &#956;&#953;&#945; &#974;&#961;&#953;&#956;&#951; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#948;&#951;&#956;&#959;&#954;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#967;&#959;&#961;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#951; &#960;&#953;&#945; &#917;&#965;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#951;, &#960;&#959;&#965; &#945;&#960;&#959;&#964;&#949;&#955;&#949;&#943; &#960;&#961;&#972;&#964;&#965;&#960;&#959; &#963;&#949; &#972;&#955;&#945; &#964;&#945; &#956;&#942;&#954;&#951; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#945; &#960;&#955;&#940;&#964;&#951; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#972;&#963;&#956;&#959;&#965;.&#8221;</p><p><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">About the author</a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Whether it&#8217;s just the price of a single frapp&#233; coffee or a book, every contribution matters. Donations help cover research, writing, and the resources needed to keep sharing my passion for uncovering the past and bringing history, archaeology, and culture to life:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Help me fund my MA in Humanities&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Help me fund my MA in Humanities</span></a></p><p>Read the series of stacks on modern Greek history that culminated in Kapodistrias&#8217; assassination, <strong><a href="https://linktr.ee/ModernGreekHistory">here</a></strong>. </p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Ghost of Thucydides on Modern Diplomacy]]></title><description><![CDATA[From Pericles to Trump and Carney, and from the Melians to Zelenskyy]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-ghost-of-thucydides-on-diplomacy</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-ghost-of-thucydides-on-diplomacy</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 25 Jan 2026 17:01:27 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b7a86cf7-d251-4c7a-8cf3-0d34de90517d_3000x2000.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!txW-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522f332c-1457-4b5b-b664-7781f42c1556_3000x2000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!txW-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522f332c-1457-4b5b-b664-7781f42c1556_3000x2000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!txW-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522f332c-1457-4b5b-b664-7781f42c1556_3000x2000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!txW-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522f332c-1457-4b5b-b664-7781f42c1556_3000x2000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!txW-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522f332c-1457-4b5b-b664-7781f42c1556_3000x2000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!txW-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522f332c-1457-4b5b-b664-7781f42c1556_3000x2000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/522f332c-1457-4b5b-b664-7781f42c1556_3000x2000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:522020,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/185693189?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522f332c-1457-4b5b-b664-7781f42c1556_3000x2000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!txW-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522f332c-1457-4b5b-b664-7781f42c1556_3000x2000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!txW-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522f332c-1457-4b5b-b664-7781f42c1556_3000x2000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!txW-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522f332c-1457-4b5b-b664-7781f42c1556_3000x2000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!txW-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F522f332c-1457-4b5b-b664-7781f42c1556_3000x2000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The Prime Minister of Canada Mark Carney&#8217;s reference to Thucydides in his speech on January 20, 2026, at the World Economic Forum&#8217;s Annual Meeting 2026 in Davos, reminded me of <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/d17">one of my first stacks</a>. Carney began his <a href="https://www.weforum.org/stories/2026/01/davos-2026-special-address-by-mark-carney-prime-minister-of-canada/">speech</a> by saying:</p><p>&#8220;<em>It seems that every day we&#8217;re reminded that we live in an era of great power rivalry, that the rules-based order is fading, that <strong>the strong can do what they can, and the weak must suffer what they must.</strong></em></p><p><em>And this aphorism of <strong>Thucydides </strong>is presented as inevitable, as the natural logic of international relations reasserting itself</em>.&#8221; </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>About a year earlier, in March 2025, the same &#8220;aphorism&#8221; circulated after the awkward visit of Ukrainian President Zelenskyy to the White House, used by some to justify the humiliating way he was received. Echoing the famous response of the Athenians&#8212;&#8221;<em>the strong do what their power permits, and the weak suffer what they must</em>&#8221;&#8212;to the Melians, they were essentially telling Zelensky to &#8220;<em><strong>shut up and deal with it</strong></em>&#8221;, as he was backed into a corner after 3 years of successful but exhausting defense against the Russians.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hG5f!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d90134a-61ed-41f5-9f01-27e650d2e1a5_1024x576.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hG5f!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d90134a-61ed-41f5-9f01-27e650d2e1a5_1024x576.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hG5f!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d90134a-61ed-41f5-9f01-27e650d2e1a5_1024x576.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hG5f!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d90134a-61ed-41f5-9f01-27e650d2e1a5_1024x576.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hG5f!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d90134a-61ed-41f5-9f01-27e650d2e1a5_1024x576.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hG5f!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d90134a-61ed-41f5-9f01-27e650d2e1a5_1024x576.jpeg" width="1024" height="576" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hG5f!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d90134a-61ed-41f5-9f01-27e650d2e1a5_1024x576.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hG5f!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d90134a-61ed-41f5-9f01-27e650d2e1a5_1024x576.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hG5f!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d90134a-61ed-41f5-9f01-27e650d2e1a5_1024x576.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hG5f!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d90134a-61ed-41f5-9f01-27e650d2e1a5_1024x576.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>If you don&#8217;t know the story behind the notorious aphorism, allow me to briefly recap: in 416 BC, during the Peloponnesian War (Athens vs. Sparta), the Athenians arrived at the island of Melos trying to force it into the Athenian alliance. There, they exchanged views that the law of the strong always determines the fate of the weak. The Melians tried with arguments about justice and morality to maintain their neutrality, to persuade the Athenians to accept them as friends rather than enslave them&#8212;as they saw forced accession to the alliance. Ultimately, however&#8212;with help from some Melians who disagreed with their leaders&#8217; uncompromising stance and expressed opposition during the prolonged siege&#8212;all the Melians were massacred, women and children enslaved, and Melos was depopulated until resettled by 500 Athenian colonists.</p><p>I think it&#8217;s valuable to look at an excerpt from the <strong>original Athenians-Melians dialogue</strong>: </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Help me fund my MA in Humanities&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Help me fund my MA in Humanities</span></a></p><p><em>5.89. ATHENIANS: &#8220;So we too won&#8217;t speak with fine phrases and long speeches that won&#8217;t convince you, or claim that we justly hold our hegemony because we defeated the Persians, or that we&#8217;re now campaigning against you because we&#8217;re wronged. (...) We expect to pursue more of what is possible than what both of us truly have in mind, since you know and we know that in human judgment justice is reckoned when equal power exists to enforce it, and when it doesn&#8217;t, <strong>the strong do what their power permits and the weak suffer what they must.</strong>&#8220;</em></p><p><em>90. MELIANS: &#8220;As we at least believe, it is useful (we must speak of it, since you set that basis for our discussion&#8212;leaving aside justice and speaking of interest) that you not abolish this common good, but that reasonable and just things exist for whoever is in danger at any time, and that he benefits somehow if he persuades, even if his arguments don&#8217;t fall within strict justice. And this is no less in your interest than ours, for if defeated, you could become an example to others to impose the greatest punishment on you.&#8221;</em></p><p><em>91. ATH. &#8220;<strong>We don&#8217;t worry about the end of our hegemony</strong>, if it will ever be overthrown, because those who exercise hegemony over others, like the Lacedaemonians (Ed.&#8217;s note: the Spartans), are not dangerous to the defeated (besides, our dispute isn&#8217;t with the Lacedaemonians), but subjects are dangerous if they ever rise up and defeat their rulers. <strong>As for that, let us handle the risk</strong>. What we want to make clear to you now is that we are here for our hegemony&#8217;s interest, and what we&#8217;ll say now aims at your city&#8217;s salvation, because we want to rule you without trouble and for both our interests that you be saved.</em>&#8221;</p><p>(Thucydides, Histories, <a href="https://www.greek-language.gr/digitalResources/ancient_greek/library/browse.html?text_id=73&amp;page=183">Book 5.89-91</a>)</p><p><strong>Is that the big picture though?</strong></p><p><code>Behind the paywall:</code></p><ul><li><p>What is the famous <strong>Thucydides Trap</strong>? (original text and analysis) </p></li><li><p>How did the Athenians become so powerful and arrogant? Their victories in the great war and the &#8220;<strong>preemptive&#8221; alliance</strong> they organized that turned into hegemony.</p></li><li><p>We revisit Thucydides&#8217; original text: <strong>The goods of liberal society</strong> according to Pericles and <strong>the inescapable human nature</strong> across the ages according to Thucydides.</p></li><li><p>Why the slaughter of the weak Melians by the arrogant Athenians isn&#8217;t the big picture. We follow the cosmic and moral law governing human experience in Ancient Greece that explains the fate of those who get carried away: <strong>hubris, ate, nemesis, tisis.</strong></p></li><li><p>Why is Thucydides considered the <strong>archetype of modern historical science</strong>?</p><p></p><p>Here's 10% off to keep reading behind the paywall. Further discount for yearly subscriptions:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?coupon=866d5c09&amp;utm_content=185693189&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Get 10% off forever&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?coupon=866d5c09&amp;utm_content=185693189"><span>Get 10% off forever</span></a></p></li></ul>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[An Ode to the Thigh]]></title><description><![CDATA[Meet Philodemus: The Epicurean Philosopher that befriended Caesar's father-in-law]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/an-ode-to-the-thigh</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/an-ode-to-the-thigh</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2026 21:52:23 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ca4aef87-81b3-4aad-bf8e-19ca494a5d38_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The <strong>Epicurean philosopher</strong>, poet, and epigrammatist Philodemus was born in 110 BC in Hellenistic Gadara, a city located in the region of present-day Jordan. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wedt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F233de033-b1e1-4ac3-bed8-5da82e3b7e9f_1280x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wedt!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F233de033-b1e1-4ac3-bed8-5da82e3b7e9f_1280x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wedt!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F233de033-b1e1-4ac3-bed8-5da82e3b7e9f_1280x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wedt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F233de033-b1e1-4ac3-bed8-5da82e3b7e9f_1280x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wedt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F233de033-b1e1-4ac3-bed8-5da82e3b7e9f_1280x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wedt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F233de033-b1e1-4ac3-bed8-5da82e3b7e9f_1280x720.jpeg" width="1280" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/233de033-b1e1-4ac3-bed8-5da82e3b7e9f_1280x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:107111,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/184473916?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F233de033-b1e1-4ac3-bed8-5da82e3b7e9f_1280x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wedt!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F233de033-b1e1-4ac3-bed8-5da82e3b7e9f_1280x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wedt!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F233de033-b1e1-4ac3-bed8-5da82e3b7e9f_1280x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wedt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F233de033-b1e1-4ac3-bed8-5da82e3b7e9f_1280x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wedt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F233de033-b1e1-4ac3-bed8-5da82e3b7e9f_1280x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Philodemus the Epicurean | source: <a href="https://www.classicalpoets.org/two-lyrics-of-philodemus-of-gadara-translated-by-joseph-s-salemi/">The Society of Classical Poets</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Likely between 86-83 BC, he traveled from Alexandria to Athens, where he studied Epicurean philosophy under the school&#8217;s head, Zeno of Sidon. Epicureans focused on hedonism, but a refined version of it, emphasizing <strong>moderation</strong> over excess. Pleasure (&#7969;&#948;&#959;&#957;&#942;) is the highest good, but absence of pain (aponia) and mental tranquility (ataraxia) are the true goals &#8211; simple living, friendship, and rational choices, not orgies.<br></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Philodemus then settled in Italy, first in Rome, and from the 70s BC onward lived mainly in ancient Herakleio (Herculaneum), where he founded an Epicurean philosophical school. There he became associated with Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, <strong>the father-in-law of Julius Caesar</strong>. He died around 40 BC, probably in Neapolis (Naples). He is said to have influenced the Roman poets Virgil, Varro, and Horace. </p><p>Fast forward on August 24, AD 79, the volcanic eruption of Vesuvius occurred. Besides the well-known city of Pompeii, another city, Herculaneum, was buried under meters of volcanic material. 1.700 years later, archaeological excavations brought to light the Roman villa belonging to Piso, Caesar&#8217;s father-in-law. Within the villa, an entire library was discovered consisting of papyrus texts, which is why archaeologists named it the &#8220;<strong>Villa of the Papyri</strong>.&#8221; The papyrus rolls had been carbonized and thus preserved by the volcanic eruption and the subsequent conditions.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!51Wy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a376414-fc1f-43e9-887f-fc48818bde01_1400x977.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!51Wy!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a376414-fc1f-43e9-887f-fc48818bde01_1400x977.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!51Wy!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a376414-fc1f-43e9-887f-fc48818bde01_1400x977.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!51Wy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a376414-fc1f-43e9-887f-fc48818bde01_1400x977.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!51Wy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a376414-fc1f-43e9-887f-fc48818bde01_1400x977.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!51Wy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a376414-fc1f-43e9-887f-fc48818bde01_1400x977.jpeg" width="1400" height="977" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5a376414-fc1f-43e9-887f-fc48818bde01_1400x977.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:977,&quot;width&quot;:1400,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:576066,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/184473916?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a376414-fc1f-43e9-887f-fc48818bde01_1400x977.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!51Wy!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a376414-fc1f-43e9-887f-fc48818bde01_1400x977.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!51Wy!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a376414-fc1f-43e9-887f-fc48818bde01_1400x977.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!51Wy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a376414-fc1f-43e9-887f-fc48818bde01_1400x977.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!51Wy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a376414-fc1f-43e9-887f-fc48818bde01_1400x977.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">A reconstruction of the Villa dei Papyri in <strong>Herculaneum</strong>, <strong>Italy</strong>. Illustration by Roc&#237;o Espin | source: <a href="http://ancienthistorymag.com">ancienthistorymag.com</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>From the time of their discovery until today, titanic efforts have been made to read them and the latest involve <a href="https://archaeologymag.com/2025/02/ai-reveals-first-look-inside-herculaneum-scroll/">Artificial Intelligence assisting scientists in decoding the papyri</a>. Over this period, hundreds of ancient texts have come to light for the first time in history. Many of these belong to Epicurean philosophy and specifically to the philosopher Philodemus, a fact that tends to confirm the existence of an Epicurean school in the Herculaneum area at the time of the catastrophe.</p><p>Among them are fragments from his work &#8220;On Piety,&#8221; which offers a radical reinterpretation of piety: Epicureanism does not reject the divine but purifies it of prejudices. Piety, ultimately, is an act of worship toward the gods and toward human life itself; it is the mortal&#8217;s effort to approach, even mentally, bliss, transforming worship from slavish submission into a pious act that brings ataraxia.</p><p>ON PIETY P.Herc. 1077<br><em>&#928;&#929;&#927;&#931;&#917;&#933;&#935;&#917;&#931;&#920;&#913;&#921; &#915;&#913;&#929; &#927;&#921;&#922;&#917;&#921;&#927;&#925; &#917;&#921;&#925;&#913;&#921; &#931;&#927;&#934;&#921;&#913;&#921; &#934;&#919;&#931;&#921;&#925;, &#927;&#933;&#935; &#937;&#931;<br>&#913;&#935;&#920;&#927;&#924;&#917;&#925;&#937;&#925; &#932;&#937;&#925; &#920;&#917;&#937;&#925; &#917;&#921; &#924;&#919; &#928;&#927;&#921;&#919;&#931;&#927;&#924;&#917;&#925;, &#913;&#923;&#923;&#913; &#922;&#913;&#932;&#913;<br>&#932;&#919;&#925; &#917;&#928;&#921;&#925;&#927;&#921;&#913;&#925; &#932;&#937;&#925; &#933;&#928;&#917;&#929;&#914;&#913;&#923;&#923;&#927;&#925;&#932;&#937;&#925; &#916;&#933;&#925;&#913;&#924;&#917;&#921; &#922;&#913;&#921; &#931;&#928;&#927;&#933;-<br>&#916;&#913;&#921;&#927;&#932;&#919;&#932;&#921; &#934;&#933;&#931;&#917;&#937;&#925;</em></p><p>([Epicurus] maintains that<em> it is proper for wisdom to pray, not as if<br>the gods are grieved if we do not, but according to<br>the conception of natures&#8217; superiority in power and excellence</em>)</p><p>Translation to modern Greek by Christos Giapitzakis, from the book EPICUREAN MAXIMS, Thyrathen editions</p><p>TO SOPHISTS IV 10 TETRAPHARMAKOS, P.Herc. 1005, col 5<br><em>&#913;&#934;&#927;&#914;&#927;&#925; &#927; &#920;&#917;&#927;&#931;<br>&#913;&#925;&#933;&#928;&#927;&#928;&#932;&#927;&#925; &#927; &#920;&#913;&#925;&#913;&#932;&#927;&#931;<br>&#922;&#913;&#921; &#932;&#913;&#915;&#913;&#920;&#927;&#925; &#924;&#917;&#925; &#917;&#933;&#922;&#932;&#919;&#932;&#927;&#925;<br>&#932;&#927; &#916;&#917; &#916;&#917;&#921;&#925;&#927;&#925; &#917;&#933;&#917;&#922;&#913;&#929;&#932;&#917;&#929;&#919;&#932;&#927;&#925;</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jOhc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb979c0da-5b72-4b6a-9b62-70b1702777ba_467x179.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jOhc!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb979c0da-5b72-4b6a-9b62-70b1702777ba_467x179.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jOhc!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb979c0da-5b72-4b6a-9b62-70b1702777ba_467x179.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jOhc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb979c0da-5b72-4b6a-9b62-70b1702777ba_467x179.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jOhc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb979c0da-5b72-4b6a-9b62-70b1702777ba_467x179.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jOhc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb979c0da-5b72-4b6a-9b62-70b1702777ba_467x179.png" width="467" height="179" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b979c0da-5b72-4b6a-9b62-70b1702777ba_467x179.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:179,&quot;width&quot;:467,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:118351,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/184473916?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb979c0da-5b72-4b6a-9b62-70b1702777ba_467x179.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jOhc!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb979c0da-5b72-4b6a-9b62-70b1702777ba_467x179.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jOhc!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb979c0da-5b72-4b6a-9b62-70b1702777ba_467x179.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jOhc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb979c0da-5b72-4b6a-9b62-70b1702777ba_467x179.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jOhc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb979c0da-5b72-4b6a-9b62-70b1702777ba_467x179.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>(<em>God does not cause fear<br>death is untroubling<br>the good is attainable<br>the terrible is bearable</em>)</p><p>Translation to modern Greek by Takis Panagiotopoulos</p><p>Yet even philosophers have a heart, as well as humor, so in the following poem, Philodemus describes his <strong>mistress</strong> Flora:</p><p><em>&#937; &#928;&#927;&#916;&#927;&#931;, &#937; &#922;&#925;&#919;&#924;&#919;&#931;, &#937; &#932;&#937;&#925; (&#913;&#928;&#927;&#923;&#937;&#923;&#913; &#916;&#921;&#922;&#913;&#921;&#937;&#931;)<br>&#924;&#919;&#929;&#937;&#925;, &#937; &#915;&#923;&#927;&#933;&#932;&#937;&#925;, &#937; &#922;&#932;&#917;&#925;&#927;&#931;, &#937; &#923;&#913;&#915;&#927;&#925;&#937;&#925;,<br>&#937;&#924;&#927;&#921;&#925;, &#937; &#924;&#913;&#931;&#932;&#937;&#925;, &#937; &#932;&#927;&#933; &#929;&#913;&#916;&#921;&#925;&#927;&#921;&#927; &#932;&#929;&#913;&#935;&#919;&#923;&#927;&#933;,<br>&#937; &#935;&#917;&#921;&#929;&#937;&#925;, &#937; &#932;&#937;&#925; (&#924;&#913;&#921;&#925;&#927;&#924;&#913;&#921;) &#927;&#924;&#924;&#913;&#932;&#921;&#937;&#925;,<br>&#937; &#922;&#913;&#932;&#913;&#932;&#917;&#935;&#925;&#937;&#932;&#913;&#932;&#927;&#933; &#922;&#921;&#925;&#919;&#924;&#913;&#932;&#927;&#931;, &#937; &#928;&#917;&#929;&#921;&#913;&#923;&#923;&#937;&#925;<br>&#915;&#923;&#937;&#932;&#932;&#921;&#931;&#924;&#937;&#925;, &#937; &#932;&#937;&#925; (&#920;&#933; &#917;&#924;&#917;) &#934;&#937;&#925;&#913;&#929;&#921;&#937;&#925;.<br>&#917;&#921; &#916;&#8217; &#927;&#928;&#921;&#922;&#919; &#922;&#913;&#921; &#934;&#923;&#937;&#929;&#913; &#922;&#913;&#921; &#927;&#933;&#922; &#913;&#917;&#916;&#927;&#933;&#931;&#913; &#932;&#913; &#931;&#913;&#928;&#934;&#927;&#933;&#931;,<br>&#922;&#913;&#921; &#928;&#917;&#929;&#931;&#917;&#933;&#931; &#921;&#925;&#916;&#919;&#931; &#919;&#929;&#913;&#931;&#913;&#932;&#8217; &#913;&#925;&#916;&#929;&#927;&#924;&#917;&#916;&#919;&#931;.</em></p><p><em>(Oh foot, oh calf, oh (I&#8217;m rightfully lost )<br>thighs, oh buttocks, oh slit, oh hips,<br>oh shoulders, oh breasts, oh slender neck,<br>oh hands, oh eyes (I&#8217;m raving),<br>oh most artful movements, oh embracing<br>kisses, oh whispers (set me aflame).<br>So what if she&#8217;s an Opica&#8212;a Flora who doesn&#8217;t sing Sappho,<br>even Perseus still fell for the dark-skinned Andromeda from India.)</em><br></p><p>So what if she&#8217;s Opica&#8212;derisively how Greeks called Italians as uncivilized barbarians&#8212;and Perseus took Andromeda who was from Ethiopia and dark like an Indian.</p><p>It seems that sometimes we must forget ataraxia and surrender to our instincts, especially when they involve &#941;&#961;&#969;&#962; (love). </p><p>Until the next stack, &#7956;&#961;&#961;&#969;&#963;&#952;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#949;&#8016;&#948;&#945;&#953;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#949;&#8150;&#964;&#949;.</p><p><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">About the author</a></p><p>Whether it&#8217;s just the price of a single frapp&#233; coffee or a book, every contribution matters. Donations help cover research, writing, and the resources needed to keep sharing my passion for uncovering the past and bringing history, archaeology, and culture to life:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work; Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work; Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>If you want to join the community of historiophiles that have access to exclusive content and surprise gifts, you can take advantage of the following offer:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/73d45357&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Here's a 12% discount for you&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/73d45357"><span>Here's a 12% discount for you</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Venezuela: A Brief Historical Lesson]]></title><description><![CDATA[From Sim&#243;n Bol&#237;var's liberation struggles to the modern Bolivarian Republic&#8212;and its surprising Greek connection]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/venezuela-a-brief-historical-lesson</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/venezuela-a-brief-historical-lesson</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 05 Jan 2026 23:49:59 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/19354738-edb4-4524-8315-142c6e62e721_450x330.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>On the occasion of the U.S. intervention in Venezuela, I believe it&#8217;s useful to learn some interesting historical facts about the country and its connections to the French and Greek Revolutions.</p><p>First, it&#8217;s important to mention a U.S. president of that era, whom we briefly discussed last summer in <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/declaration-of-independence">my article on U.S. Independence Day and the Greek Revolution</a>. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>As we <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/notes">noted </a>the day before yesterday, even before President Trump mentioned it and renamed it the &#8220;<a href="https://ecfr.eu/article/venezuela-trumps-donroe-doctrine-and-three-dilemmas-facing-europe/">Donroe Doctrine</a>&#8221;, the Monroe Doctrine, announced by U.S. President James Monroe in 1823, warned European powers against new colonization or interference in the Western Hemisphere. It declared the Americas closed to future European colonies, while the U.S. pledged non-interference in European affairs or existing colonies. Any such intervention would be viewed as a hostile act against the U.S.</p><p>The essence of this doctrine was that Europeans should stay away from Latin America, as this region falls entirely and exclusively within the U.S. sphere of influence, shaping American foreign policy for the years to come.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Eaq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32731969-8987-40c3-997f-e902af53bf32_719x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Eaq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32731969-8987-40c3-997f-e902af53bf32_719x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Eaq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32731969-8987-40c3-997f-e902af53bf32_719x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Eaq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32731969-8987-40c3-997f-e902af53bf32_719x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Eaq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32731969-8987-40c3-997f-e902af53bf32_719x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Eaq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32731969-8987-40c3-997f-e902af53bf32_719x1024.jpeg" width="635" height="904.3671766342142" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/32731969-8987-40c3-997f-e902af53bf32_719x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:719,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:635,&quot;bytes&quot;:88099,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/183602636?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32731969-8987-40c3-997f-e902af53bf32_719x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Eaq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32731969-8987-40c3-997f-e902af53bf32_719x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Eaq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32731969-8987-40c3-997f-e902af53bf32_719x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Eaq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32731969-8987-40c3-997f-e902af53bf32_719x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Eaq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32731969-8987-40c3-997f-e902af53bf32_719x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#913; 1905 illustration subtly describing the content of the doctrine.</figcaption></figure></div><p>It was the era following the French Revolution, which expressed, among other things, the principle of individual self-determination as well as that of peoples. After two decades of wars and Napoleon&#8217;s defeat, the victorious Great European Powers had decided at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to restore the Old monarchical Regimes, balance their mutual powers, and mutual support through the establishment of the Holy Alliance against any revolutions that broke out.</p><p>That same year, however, with the end of the American-British War (1812-1815) and the Treaty of Ghent, the independence of the United States&#8212;won 40 years earlier&#8212;was confirmed, and Serbia became the first region of the Ottoman Empire to gain autonomy. It was clear that while the Old Regimes had won the Napoleonic Wars, the tide had turned&#8212;there was no going back. Peoples, inspired by the principles of the French Revolution, would spend the next 100 years trying to win independence from the multi-ethnic empires they were part of and/or demand more rights from their once-absolute monarchs. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work; Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work; Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><p>Thus, by 1830, national-liberation or liberal revolutions inspired by nationalism and constitutional ideology erupted in several countries: In Spain in 1820, the liberal military uprising was ultimately crushed by French troops in 1823; in Italy, the Carbonari revolution of 1820 was suppressed by Austrian troops in 1821, during the same period that the Greeks were revolting against the Ottomans. A few years later (1830), the Poles revolted against the Russians and the Belgians against the Dutch union, with the former failing and the latter winning independence (the Greeks, meanwhile, had already gained autonomy and would win full independence shortly thereafter).</p><p>This was indeed<strong> </strong>the <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/550840.The_Age_of_Revolution_1789_1848">Age of Revolutions</a>, as the British historian Eric Hobsbawm aptly put it.</p><p><strong>And what does Venezuela have to do with all this, and why is its official name the </strong><em><strong>Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela</strong></em><strong>? </strong></p><p>After the Spanish colonies in the Americas had recently revolted successfully, consequently depriving Spain of an essential source of revenue, the Spanish King sought to reclaim them.</p><p>In January 1820, soldiers assembled at C&#225;diz for an expedition to South America, angry over infrequent pay, bad food, and poor quarters, mutinied and pledged fealty to the 1812 liberal Constitution that the King refused to accept. Three years of liberal rule (the &#8220;<em>Trienio Liberal</em>&#8221;) followed and ultimately the King requested help against the liberal revolutionaries which led to the Congress of Verona authorizing France to intervene.</p><p><strong>But what about the Spanish colonies?</strong></p><p>Enter, Sim&#243;n Jos&#233; Antonio de la Sant&#237;sima Trinidad Bol&#237;var Palacios Ponte y Blanco (1783&#8211;1830), known simply as Sim&#243;n Bol&#237;var. He is known by the nickname <em>El Libertador</em> (The Liberator), and as the <em>George Washington of South America</em> for his leadership role in the aforementioned independence movements, just as Washington led the United States to independence. As a leader in the struggle for independence in the regions that today constitute Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia, he is considered a significant hero in these countries, as well as in the rest of Spanish-speaking America.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Msu3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc849818d-22c6-4163-bc74-26c7710b9ddc_500x750.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Msu3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc849818d-22c6-4163-bc74-26c7710b9ddc_500x750.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Msu3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc849818d-22c6-4163-bc74-26c7710b9ddc_500x750.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Msu3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc849818d-22c6-4163-bc74-26c7710b9ddc_500x750.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Msu3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc849818d-22c6-4163-bc74-26c7710b9ddc_500x750.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Msu3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc849818d-22c6-4163-bc74-26c7710b9ddc_500x750.webp" width="500" height="750" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c849818d-22c6-4163-bc74-26c7710b9ddc_500x750.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:750,&quot;width&quot;:500,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:634848,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/webp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/183602636?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc849818d-22c6-4163-bc74-26c7710b9ddc_500x750.webp&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Msu3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc849818d-22c6-4163-bc74-26c7710b9ddc_500x750.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Msu3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc849818d-22c6-4163-bc74-26c7710b9ddc_500x750.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Msu3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc849818d-22c6-4163-bc74-26c7710b9ddc_500x750.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Msu3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc849818d-22c6-4163-bc74-26c7710b9ddc_500x750.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Sim&#243;n Bol&#237;var, 1st President of Bolivia, Sim&#243;n Bol&#237;var. Toro Moreno, Luis. 1922, Legislative Palace (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim&#243;n_Bol&#237;var#/media/File:Sim&#243;n_Bol&#237;var._Toro_Moreno,_Luis._1922,_Legislative_Palace,_La_Paz.png">public domain</a>)</figcaption></figure></div><p><strong>Behind the paywall: </strong>What happened to Bolivar&#8217;s ambitious plan to create a large confederation of American states&#8212;and what role did the U.S. play? What kind of country is Venezuela today and what does Greece have to do with Bolivar? </p><h4><strong>12.000 subscribers-thank you! 12% off for you to continue behind the paywall: </strong></h4><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/73d45357&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;12% discount for you to continue&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/73d45357"><span>12% discount for you to continue</span></a></p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Quirky Origins of Holiday Anthems]]></title><description><![CDATA[Cool facts behind some of the most loved Christmas classics]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-quirky-origins-of-holiday-anthems</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-quirky-origins-of-holiday-anthems</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 24 Dec 2025 12:15:24 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cuoF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89221a88-6b9c-4378-af97-b965aec58a7f_728x408.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h4>So what exactly is history?</h4><p>My dictionary gives a definition (out of many): the knowledge of past events related to the evolution of humanity (or a social group or activity) that are deemed memorable.</p><p>Okay, that&#8217;s very general and open to many interpretations, you&#8217;ll say. Who chooses what to study, with what qualifications, with what criteria to judge something as memorable? The motto of the father of modern historiography, <strong>Leopold von Ranke</strong>, was &#8220;<em>wie es eigentlich gewesen</em>&#8221; or &#8220;<em>as it actually happened</em>,&#8221; promoting the claim for <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/why-study-history">studying history</a> with maximum objectivity, exhaustive use of sources, without the historian expressing their opinion or making unnecessary comments. </p><p><strong>How very German</strong> one might say.</p><p>But <strong>Thucydides </strong>also<strong>,</strong> 2,250 years before Ranke, had said that he would present the events of the Peloponnesian War in his Histories &#8220;<em>&#959;&#8016;&#948;&#8217; &#8033;&#962; &#7952;&#956;&#959;&#8054; &#7952;&#948;&#972;&#954;&#949;&#953;, &#7936;&#955;&#955;&#8217; &#959;&#7991;&#962; &#964;&#949; &#945;&#8016;&#964;&#8056;&#962; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#8134;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#8048; &#964;&#8182;&#957; &#7940;&#955;&#955;&#969;&#957; &#8005;&#963;&#959;&#957; &#948;&#965;&#957;&#945;&#964;&#8056;&#957; &#7936;&#954;&#961;&#953;&#946;&#949;&#943;&#8115; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#8054; &#7953;&#954;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#965; &#7956;&#955;&#949;&#947;&#959;&#957;</em>,&#8221; that is, not &#8220;<em>as it seemed to me, but with accuracy from what I myself saw and others told me</em>,&#8221; leading some historians to see Thucydides as the archetype of Ranke, due to emphasis on facts without rhetorical exaggeration.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cuoF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89221a88-6b9c-4378-af97-b965aec58a7f_728x408.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/89221a88-6b9c-4378-af97-b965aec58a7f_728x408.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:408,&quot;width&quot;:728,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:109763,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/182406630?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89221a88-6b9c-4378-af97-b965aec58a7f_728x408.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cuoF!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89221a88-6b9c-4378-af97-b965aec58a7f_728x408.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cuoF!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89221a88-6b9c-4378-af97-b965aec58a7f_728x408.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cuoF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89221a88-6b9c-4378-af97-b965aec58a7f_728x408.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cuoF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89221a88-6b9c-4378-af97-b965aec58a7f_728x408.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>However, as we are in the festive Christmas period and to get to our topic, I decided to deal with a subject that would probably make Ranke smirk ironically:<strong> the story behind classic Christmas songs</strong>. How they were written, their evolution, and any weird facts about them. </p><p>Ok, it&#8217;s not the history of the Napoleonic Wars (or is it? &#8212; wait for it), but <strong>I&#8217;LL DO WHAT I WANT, OK</strong>? (brushes Ranke off the right shoulder)</p><p>So, what&#8217;s the first Christmas song that comes to mind?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NcJ5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8be0e4a7-26ed-4693-b03d-85f1d60f68ad_1238x778.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NcJ5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8be0e4a7-26ed-4693-b03d-85f1d60f68ad_1238x778.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NcJ5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8be0e4a7-26ed-4693-b03d-85f1d60f68ad_1238x778.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NcJ5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8be0e4a7-26ed-4693-b03d-85f1d60f68ad_1238x778.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NcJ5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8be0e4a7-26ed-4693-b03d-85f1d60f68ad_1238x778.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NcJ5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8be0e4a7-26ed-4693-b03d-85f1d60f68ad_1238x778.jpeg" width="1238" height="778" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8be0e4a7-26ed-4693-b03d-85f1d60f68ad_1238x778.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:778,&quot;width&quot;:1238,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:180419,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/182406630?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8be0e4a7-26ed-4693-b03d-85f1d60f68ad_1238x778.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NcJ5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8be0e4a7-26ed-4693-b03d-85f1d60f68ad_1238x778.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NcJ5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8be0e4a7-26ed-4693-b03d-85f1d60f68ad_1238x778.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NcJ5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8be0e4a7-26ed-4693-b03d-85f1d60f68ad_1238x778.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NcJ5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8be0e4a7-26ed-4693-b03d-85f1d60f68ad_1238x778.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Don&#8217;t mind me if I create a 3nd-grade-quality meme on Mariah Carey &#8220;invading&#8221; in our lives every December</figcaption></figure></div><p>Statistics show it&#8217;s probably Mariah Carey&#8217;s &#8220;<em><strong>All I Want for Christmas Is You</strong></em>,&#8221; as it surpasses by far all other Christmas hits annually in airplay and streams charts since its 1994 release. The legend says Carey wrote it in just 15 minutes, inspired by the movie &#8220;<em>It&#8217;s a Wonderful Life</em>,&#8221; but composer and producer Walter Afanasieff has said she started the lyrics alone and he handled the music, instruments, and vocals, in collaboration with her. Carey has said the inspiration for the song and her excessive love for Christmas in general, stem from her wish to escape from a difficult childhood. After overcoming years of disputes where she was accused of stealing the song, she has earned over $100 million from royalties, which doesn&#8217;t make the miserable childhood go away, but it&#8217;s nice.</p><p>And two (kind of) weird facts: In the UK, a bizarre goat-farming experiment found goats produced more milk when hearing the song versus other tunes like Alvin and the Chipmunks songs. And finally, a bar in Dallas once &#8220;banned&#8221; the song until December, then limited plays to once nightly due to <strong>overkill complaints</strong>. When the story went viral on Twitter, Carey herself praised their action.</p><p>Honoring Ranke, we&#8217;ll continue using statistics one more time as our objective guide to move to the second most popular Christmas song in airplays and streams.</p><p>How it was written, why it didn&#8217;t become No. 1, why it&#8217;s NOT really a Christmas song, what <em><strong>Whamageddon</strong></em> (*wink*wink*) is, you&#8217;ll see one of the weirdest covers of the song you&#8217;ve ever seen, and other interesting and quirky facts about one of the most loved (or not) songs of the holiday season.</p><p>Also, I leave Ranke behind and move to personal choices, mine, like Chris Rea&#8217;s &#8220;<em><strong>Driving Home For Christmas</strong></em>&#8221; who just passed away the other day, or my children&#8217;s, &#8220;<em><strong>All I Want For Christmas Is My Two Front Teeth</strong></em>.&#8221; Finally, the story behind the most classic Christmas song of all time (spoiler alert: it&#8217;s &#8220;<em><strong>Silent Night</strong></em>&#8221;), its connection to Napoleonic Wars (eat that, Ranke) and a wonderful a cappella version of a traditional Christmas carol from my place of origin. </p><p>Take advantage of a <strong>limited-time offer of a 26% discount</strong>, valid until New Year&#8217;s Day.  </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/2026specialoffer&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Happy 2026 - 26% off/year&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/2026specialoffer"><span>Happy 2026 - 26% off/year</span></a></p><p>Currently 2&#8240; of Studying History subscribers have upgraded their subscription and gained access to exclusive content, personalised gifts and the joy to help me spread my passion for history, archaeology and culture. 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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[In the Footsteps of Apostle Paul]]></title><description><![CDATA[St Paul&#8217;s second missionary journey through Greece]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/in-the-footsteps-of-apostle-paul</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/in-the-footsteps-of-apostle-paul</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 13 Dec 2025 16:21:12 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!grBf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F968025f5-5c37-421a-8950-ee12e1360c39_1168x899.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Upgrade your subscription and gain access to exclusive content, personalised gifts and the joy to help me spread my passion for history, archaeology and culture. To support my work, consider becoming a paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>I&#8217;ve mentioned from time to time in my <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/notes">Notes</a> that Ottoman Athens is often overlooked, even though it&#8217;s a fascinating chapter of its history. After its Golden Age, Athens was ruled by Hellenistic kings, Romans, Byzantines, Latins, Catalans, and Franks, until 1456&#8212;three years after the fall of Constantinople&#8212;when it was conquered by Mehmed the Conqueror (the one that conquered Constantinople), who visited in 1458 and granted it special privileges.</p><p>During my recent visit to the Roman Agora in Athens, I stopped by the Fethiye Mosque&#8212;the mosque of the Conqueror&#8212;which, to my pleasant surprise, was not only open but also hosting an intriguing exhibition. It&#8217;s titled &#8220;<strong>In the Footsteps of Apostle Paul</strong>&#8221; and it is inspired by Paul&#8217;s second missionary journey (50&#8211;52 AD) through Greece, from Samothrace to Corinth, which led to the creation of the first Christian communities in the world. By tracing the path of the Apostle&#8217;s mission and incorporating monuments of global cultural significance, the exhibition seeks to highlight the rich multicultural identity of Athens up until the end of the 6th century AD.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pCfx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9253fb5c-109d-4cae-a86e-bfa7d011045a_1280x853.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pCfx!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9253fb5c-109d-4cae-a86e-bfa7d011045a_1280x853.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pCfx!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9253fb5c-109d-4cae-a86e-bfa7d011045a_1280x853.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pCfx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9253fb5c-109d-4cae-a86e-bfa7d011045a_1280x853.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pCfx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9253fb5c-109d-4cae-a86e-bfa7d011045a_1280x853.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pCfx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9253fb5c-109d-4cae-a86e-bfa7d011045a_1280x853.jpeg" width="1280" height="853" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9253fb5c-109d-4cae-a86e-bfa7d011045a_1280x853.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:853,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:400200,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/181480759?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9253fb5c-109d-4cae-a86e-bfa7d011045a_1280x853.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pCfx!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9253fb5c-109d-4cae-a86e-bfa7d011045a_1280x853.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pCfx!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9253fb5c-109d-4cae-a86e-bfa7d011045a_1280x853.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pCfx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9253fb5c-109d-4cae-a86e-bfa7d011045a_1280x853.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pCfx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9253fb5c-109d-4cae-a86e-bfa7d011045a_1280x853.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The Fethiye Mosque, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:George_E._Koronaios">George E. Koronaios</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Under this light, the location of the exhibition at the Fethiye Mosque of Athens, which was built on top of a Christian basilica, in the heart of the Roman Agora, symbolizes the timeless coexistence of different cultures and religions within the fabric of the Greek capital.</p><p><strong>The Roman World</strong></p><p>In the 1st century AD, the Roman Empire of Octavian Augustus and his successors is well established. The emperor is the absolute ruler governing the empire from Rome thanks to the power of his legions and the assistance of the Senate. The empire stretches across the Mediterranean and its nations as well as to the European north, incorporating Germany and Britain. Its subjects mostly speak Latin (in the West) and Greek (in the East), and they can travel and trade without restrictions as long as they pay their taxes. Notably, the New Testament was written in Greek because Koine Greek served as the lingua franca of the eastern Mediterranean during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.</p><p>Every city is ruled in the name of the emperor. Citizens often try to gain his favour by erecting his statues, and by holding imperial games. The empire is tolerant of the conquered nations&#8217; various religious beliefs, which gradually begin to mix and form a religious mosaic.</p><p><strong>Paul&#8217;s Vision of the Man from Macedonia</strong></p><p>&#8216;<em>Paul and his companions traveled throughout the region of Phrygia and Galatia, having been kept by the Holy Spirit from preaching the word in the province of Asia. When they came to the border of Mysia, they tried to enter Bithynia, but the Spirit of Jesus would not allow them to. So they passed by Mysia and went down to Troas (the region where Troy was built). During the night Paul had a vision of a man from Macedonia standing and begging him, &#8220;<strong>Come over to Macedonia and help us.</strong>&#8221; After Paul had seen the vision, we got ready at once to leave for Macedonia, concluding that God had called us to preach the gospel to them.</em>&#8217;</p><p>Acts of the Apostles 16:6-10</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcM2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae6cf9ab-0d49-4ab4-99b8-779e2a4ea114_696x459.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcM2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae6cf9ab-0d49-4ab4-99b8-779e2a4ea114_696x459.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcM2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae6cf9ab-0d49-4ab4-99b8-779e2a4ea114_696x459.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcM2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae6cf9ab-0d49-4ab4-99b8-779e2a4ea114_696x459.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcM2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae6cf9ab-0d49-4ab4-99b8-779e2a4ea114_696x459.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcM2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae6cf9ab-0d49-4ab4-99b8-779e2a4ea114_696x459.jpeg" width="696" height="459" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ae6cf9ab-0d49-4ab4-99b8-779e2a4ea114_696x459.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:459,&quot;width&quot;:696,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:83238,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/181480759?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae6cf9ab-0d49-4ab4-99b8-779e2a4ea114_696x459.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcM2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae6cf9ab-0d49-4ab4-99b8-779e2a4ea114_696x459.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcM2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae6cf9ab-0d49-4ab4-99b8-779e2a4ea114_696x459.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcM2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae6cf9ab-0d49-4ab4-99b8-779e2a4ea114_696x459.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcM2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae6cf9ab-0d49-4ab4-99b8-779e2a4ea114_696x459.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">In red, St Paul&#8217;s second missionary journey that concerns this stack </figcaption></figure></div><p>A plea for help in a dream is the starting point of St Paul&#8217;s second missionary journey. A journey that starts in Samothrace and ends in Corinth, but which, along the way, will change the course of history and consequently the world. To understand how big of an impact Paul&#8217;s life work had, we must first learn about the context in which it took place. Paul spread the teachings of Jesus in the Roman Empire of several nations and gods, and in the communities of the Jewish diaspora, who opposed the new message spread by the Apostle.</p><p>In this world, Paul begins his missionary journeys. The second will lead him to Greece, where he first speaks about the Messiah&#8217;s advent, the love of God, equality among people and the resurrection of the dead &#8211; the ultimate victory of life over death. Saul the persecutor, who lost his sight and found Jesus, now spreads the light of Christianity and becomes His voice in Greece, an important cultural center within he Roman Empire.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><p>In the exhibition, we follow Paul&#8217;s footsteps, his tracks in the cities he passed through, and we listen to the echo of his sermons, on a journey that changed history and led to the beginning of the end of the ancient world.</p><p>As we follow in Paul&#8217;s footsteps, I&#8217;ll toss in some cool historical facts here and there&#8212;proof of how fascinating history can become when you see the big picture. Take your time to read the whole stack, as it turned out to be  quite long. All photos from the exhibition are mine. As you can see, no-one else was there but me, which is kind of a shame for such a cool &#8212; and temporary &#8212; exhibition. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSSP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F139960be-6615-4212-8da4-abbad561bb2e_3000x3000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSSP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F139960be-6615-4212-8da4-abbad561bb2e_3000x3000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSSP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F139960be-6615-4212-8da4-abbad561bb2e_3000x3000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSSP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F139960be-6615-4212-8da4-abbad561bb2e_3000x3000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSSP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F139960be-6615-4212-8da4-abbad561bb2e_3000x3000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSSP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F139960be-6615-4212-8da4-abbad561bb2e_3000x3000.jpeg" width="1456" height="1456" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/139960be-6615-4212-8da4-abbad561bb2e_3000x3000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1456,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:4928463,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/181480759?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F139960be-6615-4212-8da4-abbad561bb2e_3000x3000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSSP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F139960be-6615-4212-8da4-abbad561bb2e_3000x3000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSSP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F139960be-6615-4212-8da4-abbad561bb2e_3000x3000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSSP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F139960be-6615-4212-8da4-abbad561bb2e_3000x3000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WSSP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F139960be-6615-4212-8da4-abbad561bb2e_3000x3000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#8220;In the Footsteps of Apostle Paul&#8221;, a glimpse from the exhibition inside the Fethiye Mosque </figcaption></figure></div><p><strong>Preaching the word of Jesus</strong></p><p>&#8220;<em>Therefore go and make disciples of all nations&#8230;</em>&#8221;</p><p>Matthew 28:19</p><p>Obeying the words of Jesus, Paul makes a total of three journeys in order to spread His message. The Apostle&#8217;s first audiences are the Jewish communities of the Diaspora, but soon he realizes that the universality of Jesus&#8217; message resonates also with the Gentiles &#8211; the non Jewish people. His first missionary journey begins in AD 46; he is escorted by the Apostle Barnabas. Their first stopover is on the island of Cyprus, followed by the cities of Perge, Antioch of Pisidia, Iconium, Lystra, Derbe and Attalea.</p><p>In AD 50, Paul sets off on his second missionary journey from Syrian Antioch, accompanied by Silas, Timothy and Luke. Through Asia Minor, they travel to Samothrace and the Macedonian city of Neapolis, heading for the city of Philippi. The following stops are Amphipolis, Apollonia, Thessalonica, Berea and Athens. Lastly, they visit Corinth, from where Paul sails to Jerusalem in AD 52 .</p><p>The third missionary journey begins in AD 53 and ends in AD 57. Among the places visited are Asia Minor, Philippi and Corinth again. Later, he will sail to the eastern Aegean, visiting Mytilene, Oinousses, Samos, Miletus, Kos and Rhodes. In his Epistle to the Romans, Paul contemplates the possibility of a fourth journey to Spain through Rome. On this journey, he expresses his intent to visit Nicopolis, as mentioned in the Epistle to Titus.</p><p><strong>Samothrace</strong></p><p>&#8220;<em>From Troas we put out to sea and sailed straight for Samothrace, and the next day we went on to Neapolis.</em>&#8221;</p><p>Acts 16:11</p><p>Paul arrives on the island of Samothrace in the spring of AD 50. It is the first stopover on his second missionary journey as he sails from the Troad in Asia Minor (the area where ancient Troy was located) to the city of Neapolis (modern Kavala) after dreaming of a man from Macedonia asking for help. Paul will stay on the island just for a day before he departs for Neapolis from the bay at Palaeopolis.</p><p><strong>What you will read behind the paywall: </strong>Paul&#8217;s most important visits and long-term stays to Philippi (&#8220;to Philippians&#8221;), Thessaloniki (&#8220;to Thessalonians&#8221;), Athens (&#8220;To the Unknown God&#8221;) and Corinth (&#8220;to Corinthians&#8221;) where he spent almost 2 years. How his missionary work changed the world.</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/in-the-footsteps-of-apostle-paul">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Is Democracy really the best political system?]]></title><description><![CDATA[The curious cases of Churchill, Venizelos and Aristides the Just.]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/is-democracy-the-best-political-system</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/is-democracy-the-best-political-system</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 04 Dec 2025 02:18:20 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a40752ab-48f1-4ae7-9900-c2a9161abecf_488x328.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Upgrade your subscription and gain access to exclusive content, personalised gifts and the joy to help me spread my passion for history, archaeology and culture. To support my work, consider becoming a paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><h5>&#913;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940; </h5><p>First of all, I must thank the six Substackers who took advantage of <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/5000-subscribers-celebration-offer">last weekend&#8217;s offer and paid 50% less for an annual subscription</a>. I owe special thanks to Mrs Susan R., because she didn&#8217;t just buy me a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frapp&#233;_coffee">Frapp&#233; coffee</a>, she bought me a whole book. But most importantly, with her wonderful message she warmed my heart.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w9TG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf7dcb75-3049-4f97-b1f5-9f4f8c9cb757_1080x1393.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w9TG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf7dcb75-3049-4f97-b1f5-9f4f8c9cb757_1080x1393.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w9TG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf7dcb75-3049-4f97-b1f5-9f4f8c9cb757_1080x1393.jpeg 848w, 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><p>Know that I do not take these gestures of yours lightly. Your kind words and support&#8212;not only for me but for all those who pour their souls into Substack writing about things they thought would interest only themselves&#8212;fill us with joy and make us want to evolve what we do into something perhaps more professional in the future, something that wouldn&#8217;t even cross our minds before we discovered the Substack community. So, if you have the ability, prefer small and independent writers you&#8217;ve incorporated into your daily routine over multimillionaire journalists, big news agencies and conspiracy theorists/toxic human beings, and I guarantee you won&#8217;t lose out.</p><p>That being said, allow me to note that I greatly enjoy the dialogue and exchange of views in the comments under <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/notes">my Notes</a>. I learn a great deal from you, and I&#8217;m pleased that in most cases your comments are polite and highly informative. True to my tradition of leaving a half-finished stack draft I was preparing about the Pope&#8217;s visit to the Middle East to start something completely unrelated that momentarily inspired me, I&#8217;ve decided to write about something I was inspired by from your comments.</p><p>I&#8217;ve stated in the past that out of the hundreds of draft topics I have saved, very few manage to become a separate stack, which is why I often present them in their shortest version in <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/notes">Notes</a>.</p><p>The day before yesterday, I made a Note about Winston Churchill&#8217;s birthday:</p><div class="comment" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://open.substack.com/home&quot;,&quot;commentId&quot;:183118386,&quot;comment&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:183118386,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2025-12-01T19:59:22.074Z&quot;,&quot;edited_at&quot;:&quot;2025-12-01T20:02:14.342Z&quot;,&quot;body&quot;:&quot;I neglected yesterday to say something about Winston Churchill as it was his birthday. He was born on 30th of November in 1874 at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire and if there was one word to characterise him, that would be &#8220;resilient&#8221;. \n\nA statesman, soldier, orator, and Nobel Prize-winning author, he served twice as UK Prime Minister (1940-1945, 1951-1955) and he was named as &#8220;the Father of Victory&#8221;. \n\nDuring World War II, Churchill rallied Britain from the brink of defeat, forging Allied strategy with Roosevelt and Stalin to vanquish the Axis powers. His iconic speeches, like \&quot;blood, toil, tears and sweat,\&quot; boosted morale amid hardship. My favourite scene from the movie The Darkest Hour is when he says &#8220;When will the lesson be learned?! You cannot reason a tiger with your head in its mouth!&#8221; with many analogies for today's situation in Ucraine also. \n\nPostwar, he warned of the Soviet \&quot;Iron Curtain,\&quot; shaping the Cold War era. Awarded the 1953 Nobel in Literature for his historical works, Churchill died in 1965. Perhaps a proper stack about him would be more appropriate now that I think about it. &quot;,&quot;body_json&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;doc&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;schemaVersion&quot;:&quot;v1&quot;},&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;,&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;I neglected yesterday to say something about Winston Churchill as it was his birthday. He was born on 30th of November in 1874 at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire and if there was one word to characterise him, that would be &#8220;resilient&#8221;. &quot;}]},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;,&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;A statesman, soldier, orator, and Nobel Prize-winning author, he served twice as UK Prime Minister (1940-1945, 1951-1955) and he was named as &#8220;the Father of Victory&#8221;. &quot;}]},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;,&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;During World War II, Churchill rallied Britain from the brink of defeat, forging Allied strategy with Roosevelt and Stalin to vanquish the Axis powers. His iconic speeches, like \&quot;blood, toil, tears and sweat,\&quot; boosted morale amid hardship. My favourite scene from the movie The Darkest Hour is when he says &#8220;&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;marks&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;bold&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;italic&quot;}],&quot;text&quot;:&quot;When will the lesson be learned?! You cannot reason a tiger with your head in its mouth!&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&#8221; with many analogies for today's situation in Ucraine also. &quot;}]},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;,&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Postwar, he warned of the Soviet \&quot;Iron Curtain,\&quot; shaping the Cold War era. Awarded the 1953 Nobel in Literature for his historical works, Churchill died in 1965. Perhaps a proper stack about him would be more appropriate now that I think about it. 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sayings have been attributed to Churchill, such as &#8220;From now on, we will not say that Greeks fight like heroes, but that heroes fight like Greeks,&#8221; ostensibly regarding Greece&#8217;s victory over the Italians in 1940 or &#8220;Germany must be bombed every 50 years; it doesn&#8217;t matter if you know the reason or not. They do.&#8221; Sir Churchill was prolific and also notorious for his witty remarks, but over the years, it seems that many things&#8212;both good and bad&#8212;have been attributed to him that weren&#8217;t actually his. Perhaps the most famous is an exchange supposedly between him and Lady Astor, with whom he apparently did not get along. When Lady Astor told him that if she were his wife, she would put poison in his tea and give it to him to drink, Churchill supposedly replied: &#8220;Madam, if I were your husband, I would gladly drink it.&#8221;&quot;,&quot;is_auto_selection&quot;:false},&quot;postSelectionTheme&quot;:null,&quot;postImageSelection&quot;:null,&quot;clipInfo&quot;:null,&quot;mediaClip&quot;:null}],&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Studying History&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:218029278,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b99120af-d19d-4926-a1ef-60bdc7b43b7d_617x617.jpeg&quot;,&quot;user_bestseller_tier&quot;:null,&quot;userStatus&quot;:{&quot;bestsellerTier&quot;:null,&quot;subscriberTier&quot;:null,&quot;leaderboard&quot;:null,&quot;vip&quot;:false,&quot;badge&quot;:null,&quot;paidPublicationIds&quot;:[],&quot;subscriber&quot;:null}}}" data-component-name="CommentPlaceholder"></div><p>Because, among other things, my Note was considered an attempt to make a saint out of Churchill, although he was anything but a saint, and in the effort to support this view, I was reminded that in the first elections after World War II in 1945, the British people voted him out of office. </p><p>But which of the historical figures we truly consider great were saints anyway? Is it fair to judge someone who lived 70, 700, or 1,700 years ago by the standards we have today? Does the fact that a majority decides something at a given time necessarily mean that it is best for everyone?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eQDK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb271229a-c95d-4a06-9cde-4b3ef005932f_958x320.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eQDK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb271229a-c95d-4a06-9cde-4b3ef005932f_958x320.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eQDK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb271229a-c95d-4a06-9cde-4b3ef005932f_958x320.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eQDK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb271229a-c95d-4a06-9cde-4b3ef005932f_958x320.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eQDK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb271229a-c95d-4a06-9cde-4b3ef005932f_958x320.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eQDK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb271229a-c95d-4a06-9cde-4b3ef005932f_958x320.jpeg" width="958" height="320" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b271229a-c95d-4a06-9cde-4b3ef005932f_958x320.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:320,&quot;width&quot;:958,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:70093,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/180660546?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb271229a-c95d-4a06-9cde-4b3ef005932f_958x320.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eQDK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb271229a-c95d-4a06-9cde-4b3ef005932f_958x320.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eQDK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb271229a-c95d-4a06-9cde-4b3ef005932f_958x320.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eQDK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb271229a-c95d-4a06-9cde-4b3ef005932f_958x320.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eQDK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb271229a-c95d-4a06-9cde-4b3ef005932f_958x320.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Majority wins, right? | <a href="https://www.sandraandwoo.com/2009/04/16/0051-democracy/">Sandra and Woo comic </a></figcaption></figure></div><p>These are indeed some interesting questions that made me recall at first the case of Eleftherios Venizelos. We&#8217;ll deal with his case in more detail later, in the context of <a href="https://linktr.ee/ModernGreekHistory">my paywalled articles on modern Greek history</a>, when I decide to write again about something I&#8217;ve studied in depth and that will bring me paid subscribers, rather than something that momentarily inspired me. But, alas, that might never happen, so in short, he was the man who shaped Greece&#8217;s fate in the first half of the 20th century, if not the entire century, through his politics. Under his premiership, after the end of the First and Second Balkan Wars and World War I, Greece tripled in size, reaching almost the revival of the Byzantine Empire by August 1920 with the Treaty of S&#232;vres, the so-called &#8220;Greece of the Two Continents and Five Seas.&#8221;</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qL72!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F707497ec-93f2-40f4-9620-23ee50fcf986_960x704.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qL72!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F707497ec-93f2-40f4-9620-23ee50fcf986_960x704.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qL72!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F707497ec-93f2-40f4-9620-23ee50fcf986_960x704.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qL72!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F707497ec-93f2-40f4-9620-23ee50fcf986_960x704.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qL72!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F707497ec-93f2-40f4-9620-23ee50fcf986_960x704.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qL72!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F707497ec-93f2-40f4-9620-23ee50fcf986_960x704.jpeg" width="960" height="704" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/707497ec-93f2-40f4-9620-23ee50fcf986_960x704.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:704,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:176238,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/180660546?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F707497ec-93f2-40f4-9620-23ee50fcf986_960x704.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qL72!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F707497ec-93f2-40f4-9620-23ee50fcf986_960x704.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qL72!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F707497ec-93f2-40f4-9620-23ee50fcf986_960x704.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qL72!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F707497ec-93f2-40f4-9620-23ee50fcf986_960x704.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qL72!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F707497ec-93f2-40f4-9620-23ee50fcf986_960x704.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The map that Venizelos&#8217; party (top left) printed in hundreds of thousands of copies during the 1920 election campaign to win the elections. That didn&#8217;t go exactly as planned.</figcaption></figure></div><p>However, just two months later, in November 1920, Venizelos not only lost the elections but wasn&#8217;t even elected as a Member of Parliament. The new government brought back King Constantine, who had been exiled by Venizelos with the support of the Great Powers, as he was considered pro-German in previous years. This resulted in Greece losing their support during the Asia Minor Campaign, and ultimately in 1922 being crushed by the neo-Turkish forces led by Kemal (&#8220;Young Ottomans&#8221; - Yeni Osmanl&#305;lar). Thus ended the so-called Great Idea for the Greeks&#8212;but as I said, that&#8217;s a story for a separate stack.</p><p>The story of the great but defeated Venizelos and Churchill reminded me of yet another great figure. And not just great, but Just, as that was his epithet among his fellow citizens. Such was his character and integrity.</p><p>So let&#8217;s go back two and a half millennia, to the time of the birth of Democracy. Specifically, twenty-six years after the establishment of a political system that for the first time in the history, gave the political power in the hands of the many (or at least, more than before). Despite perhaps the self-interested motives of its founder, Cleisthenes, who in 508 BC laid the foundations for Athens&#8217; democratic reform, or the many implementation problems with stubborn and ambitious aristocrats as well as irresponsible citizens, the noble motive of fighting for ideas, values, and freedom had already borne fruit by 490 BC at Marathon, where free Athenian citizens defeated the Persian soldiers of the Great King Darius, defending their homeland.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MPiq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cb9fa76-c633-4591-8368-b979a8ef5ee2_2048x1363.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MPiq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cb9fa76-c633-4591-8368-b979a8ef5ee2_2048x1363.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MPiq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cb9fa76-c633-4591-8368-b979a8ef5ee2_2048x1363.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MPiq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cb9fa76-c633-4591-8368-b979a8ef5ee2_2048x1363.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MPiq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cb9fa76-c633-4591-8368-b979a8ef5ee2_2048x1363.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MPiq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cb9fa76-c633-4591-8368-b979a8ef5ee2_2048x1363.jpeg" width="1456" height="969" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4cb9fa76-c633-4591-8368-b979a8ef5ee2_2048x1363.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:969,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:272048,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/180660546?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cb9fa76-c633-4591-8368-b979a8ef5ee2_2048x1363.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MPiq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cb9fa76-c633-4591-8368-b979a8ef5ee2_2048x1363.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MPiq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cb9fa76-c633-4591-8368-b979a8ef5ee2_2048x1363.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MPiq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cb9fa76-c633-4591-8368-b979a8ef5ee2_2048x1363.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MPiq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cb9fa76-c633-4591-8368-b979a8ef5ee2_2048x1363.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Ancient warfare reenactors defend the beach of Marathon from the hordes of tourists. Getty images | Louisa Gouliamaki</figcaption></figure></div><p>And while a few years later Cleisthenes had already been forgotten by the chronically ungrateful Athenian people, who were preparing for the second Persian invasion, Aristides was quarreling with Themistocles over whether they should prioritize land forces and hoplites (Aristides) or the sea and triremes (Themistocles).</p><p>The new Persian King Xerxes remembered how his father Darius always had a servant whispering in his ear after Marathon: &#8220;<em>Master, do not forget the Athenians</em>,&#8221; ever since the latter had aided the Greek-Ionians in their revolt against him by setting fire to Sardis in Asia Minor. Nor had Xerxes forgotten, and so alongside the hundreds of thousands of Persians, Medes, and other soldiers, there was also a mighty fleet of Phoenicians, Ionians, and others that the Greek alliance of city-states would have to face once again.</p><p>That&#8217;s why Themistocles was trying to convince his fellow citizens that if they wanted any chance in the war against the Persians, they needed to spend the new vein of silver discovered at Lavrio, just outside Athens, not on infantry but on a navy&#8212;a completely unheard-of idea in the era of the all-powerful hoplite phalanx. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Aristides, an old-school aristocrat who nonetheless enjoyed universal respect for his integrity, philanthropy, and sponsorship of theatrical performances&#8212;he even bore the epithet &#8220;the Just&#8221;&#8212;believed the money should be spent on infantry, which had after all made them proud just a few years earlier at Marathon.</p><p>But since the scales in the Assembly of the People (Ecclesia of Demos) didn&#8217;t tip in favor of either side&#8217;s arguments and the Persian hordes were drawing near, it was decided to hold a vote using the method of ostracism (negative vote, for those who only understand reality TV terms). Whoever was ostracized would be exiled from Athens for ten years, leaving the other to implement his policy.</p><p>The voting had begun, and as Aristides the Just stood with his associates in front of the voting booths, an illiterate old man approached him holding an ostracon and, without knowing whom he was addressing, handed it to him with the request to write the name &#8220;Aristides&#8221; on it! Stunned, Aristides asked the old man why he wanted Aristides ostracized, an he replied:<br>&#8220;<em><strong>Because I&#8217;m tired of everyone constantly calling him Just!</strong></em>&#8221;</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amoQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84f77c5f-7e7e-4a50-a9cb-9958f076bae5_768x366.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amoQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84f77c5f-7e7e-4a50-a9cb-9958f076bae5_768x366.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amoQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84f77c5f-7e7e-4a50-a9cb-9958f076bae5_768x366.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amoQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84f77c5f-7e7e-4a50-a9cb-9958f076bae5_768x366.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amoQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84f77c5f-7e7e-4a50-a9cb-9958f076bae5_768x366.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amoQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84f77c5f-7e7e-4a50-a9cb-9958f076bae5_768x366.jpeg" width="768" height="366" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/84f77c5f-7e7e-4a50-a9cb-9958f076bae5_768x366.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:366,&quot;width&quot;:768,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:41740,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/180660546?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84f77c5f-7e7e-4a50-a9cb-9958f076bae5_768x366.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amoQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84f77c5f-7e7e-4a50-a9cb-9958f076bae5_768x366.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amoQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84f77c5f-7e7e-4a50-a9cb-9958f076bae5_768x366.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amoQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84f77c5f-7e7e-4a50-a9cb-9958f076bae5_768x366.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amoQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84f77c5f-7e7e-4a50-a9cb-9958f076bae5_768x366.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">One of the actual ostraka (votes) that was used to ostracize Aristides the Just</figcaption></figure></div><p>A rather didactic story, if nothing else, that tells us excess is harmful, and that voters don&#8217;t always approach the polls with the best of intentions.</p><p>Of course, we all know how the story ended. Fortunately, the old man&#8217;s vote, though for the wrong reasons, made the difference. Athens built the strongest navy of the era. The Persians did invade Greek territory again, defeated the Spartans at Thermopylae, burned Athens and the old Parthenon, but lost the naval battle at Salamis and the battle at Plataea. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sx8s!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95185114-8115-4184-b0fd-92a6365dced6_920x600.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sx8s!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95185114-8115-4184-b0fd-92a6365dced6_920x600.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sx8s!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95185114-8115-4184-b0fd-92a6365dced6_920x600.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sx8s!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95185114-8115-4184-b0fd-92a6365dced6_920x600.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sx8s!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95185114-8115-4184-b0fd-92a6365dced6_920x600.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sx8s!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95185114-8115-4184-b0fd-92a6365dced6_920x600.png" width="920" height="600" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/95185114-8115-4184-b0fd-92a6365dced6_920x600.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:600,&quot;width&quot;:920,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1834401,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/180660546?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95185114-8115-4184-b0fd-92a6365dced6_920x600.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sx8s!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95185114-8115-4184-b0fd-92a6365dced6_920x600.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sx8s!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95185114-8115-4184-b0fd-92a6365dced6_920x600.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sx8s!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95185114-8115-4184-b0fd-92a6365dced6_920x600.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sx8s!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95185114-8115-4184-b0fd-92a6365dced6_920x600.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#8220;Look, oh mighty King! There goes another one!&#8221;</figcaption></figure></div><p>From that moment on, the Persians were always on the defensive, with the Athenians creating their thalassocracy and Pericles&#8217; Golden Age, until Alexander the Great, ultimately, with his &#8220;<a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/200bc">marvelous Panhellenic campaign</a>&#8221; 150 years later, overthrew the Persian Empire and created &#8220;<a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/200bc">the great new Hellenic world</a>.&#8221; And of course, the Athenians, a few years after Aristides (whom they recalled earlier than expected), ostracized Themistocles (who went on to become a satrap in Persia!), Kimon, Pericles&#8217; father, and others.</p><p>As for the quirks and various mishaps of democracy, the&#8212;far from a saint&#8212;Winston Churchill put it best, as usual: </p><p>&#8220;<em><strong>Democracy is the worst form of government except for all the others that have been tried.</strong></em>&#8221;</p><p>So he might have answered the question in the title with something like &#8220;<em>do swallows migrate to Africa in the winter?</em>&#8221;</p><p>Until the next stack, &#7956;&#961;&#961;&#969;&#963;&#952;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#949;&#8016;&#948;&#945;&#953;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#949;&#8150;&#964;&#949;.</p><p><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">About the author</a></p><p>Whether it&#8217;s just the price of a single frapp&#233; coffee or a book, every contribution matters. Donations help cover research, writing, and the resources needed to keep sharing my passion for uncovering the past and bringing history, archaeology, and culture to life:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The series of articles on <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/lighting-the-fuse">Modern Greek History</a>, starting with the assassination of its first Governor Kapodistrias, is available exclusively to subscribers alongside general history content accessible to all. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p><h5>&#913;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940; </h5><h4>&#917;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#951; &#916;&#951;&#956;&#959;&#954;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#943;&#945; &#963;&#964;&#8217; &#945;&#955;&#942;&#952;&#949;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#959; &#954;&#945;&#955;&#973;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#959; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#963;&#973;&#963;&#964;&#951;&#956;&#945;;</h4><h5>O&#953; &#953;&#948;&#953;&#945;&#943;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#949;&#962; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#960;&#964;&#974;&#963;&#949;&#953;&#962; 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&#958;&#941;&#961;&#949;&#964;&#949; &#972;&#964;&#953; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#941;&#962; &#964;&#953;&#962; &#967;&#949;&#953;&#961;&#959;&#957;&#959;&#956;&#943;&#949;&#962; &#963;&#945;&#962; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#964;&#953;&#962; &#960;&#945;&#943;&#961;&#957;&#969; &#949;&#955;&#945;&#966;&#961;&#940; &#964;&#951; &#954;&#945;&#961;&#948;&#943;&#945;. &#932;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#955;&#940; &#963;&#945;&#962; &#955;&#972;&#947;&#953;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#951; &#963;&#964;&#942;&#961;&#953;&#958;&#942; &#963;&#945;&#962;, &#972;&#967;&#953; &#956;&#972;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#949; &#956;&#941;&#957;&#945; &#945;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#949; &#972;&#963;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#946;&#947;&#940;&#950;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#968;&#965;&#967;&#942; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#949;&#948;&#974; &#963;&#964;&#959; Substack &#947;&#961;&#940;&#966;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#962; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#960;&#961;&#940;&#947;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#943;&#963;&#964;&#949;&#965;&#945;&#957; &#972;&#964;&#953; &#952;&#945; &#949;&#957;&#948;&#953;&#941;&#966;&#949;&#961;&#945;&#957; &#956;&#972;&#957;&#959; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#943;&#948;&#953;&#959;&#965;&#962;, &#956;&#945;&#962; &#947;&#949;&#956;&#943;&#950;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#956;&#949; &#967;&#945;&#961;&#940; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#956;&#945;&#962; &#954;&#940;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#957;&#945; &#952;&#941;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#956;&#949; &#957;&#945; &#949;&#958;&#949;&#955;&#943;&#958;&#959;&#965;&#956;&#949; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#972; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#940;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#956;&#949; &#963;&#949; &#954;&#940;&#964;&#953; &#943;&#963;&#969;&#962; &#960;&#953;&#959; &#949;&#960;&#945;&#947;&#947;&#949;&#955;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#963;&#964;&#959; &#956;&#941;&#955;&#955;&#959;&#957;, &#954;&#940;&#964;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#959;&#973;&#964;&#949; &#952;&#945; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#957;&#959;&#973;&#963;&#949; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#959; &#956;&#965;&#945;&#955;&#972; &#956;&#945;&#962; &#960;&#961;&#953;&#957; &#947;&#957;&#969;&#961;&#943;&#963;&#959;&#965;&#956;&#949; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#954;&#959;&#953;&#957;&#972;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; Substack. &#908;&#963;&#959;&#953; &#941;&#967;&#949;&#964;&#949; &#964;&#951; &#948;&#965;&#957;&#945;&#964;&#972;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#945; &#955;&#959;&#953;&#960;&#972;&#957;, &#960;&#961;&#959;&#964;&#953;&#956;&#942;&#963;&#964;&#949; &#956;&#953;&#954;&#961;&#959;&#973;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#945;&#957;&#949;&#958;&#940;&#961;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#963;&#965;&#947;&#947;&#961;&#945;&#966;&#949;&#943;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#967;&#949;&#964;&#949; &#946;&#940;&#955;&#949;&#953; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#952;&#951;&#956;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#957;&#972;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#940; &#963;&#945;&#962;, &#945;&#960;&#972; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#965;&#949;&#954;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#956;&#956;&#965;&#961;&#953;&#959;&#973;&#967;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#948;&#951;&#956;&#959;&#963;&#953;&#959;&#947;&#961;&#940;&#966;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#956;&#949;&#947;&#940;&#955;&#945; &#949;&#953;&#948;&#951;&#963;&#949;&#959;&#947;&#961;&#945;&#966;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#956;&#941;&#963;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#945;&#962; &#964;&#959; &#949;&#947;&#947;&#965;&#974;&#956;&#945;&#953; &#972;&#964;&#953; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#952;&#945; &#967;&#940;&#963;&#949;&#964;&#949;.</p><p>&#913;&#966;&#959;&#973; &#949;&#943;&#960;&#945;&#956;&#949; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#940; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#960;&#961;&#949;&#960;&#949; &#957;&#945; &#949;&#953;&#960;&#969;&#952;&#959;&#973;&#957;, &#957;&#945; &#960;&#969; &#972;&#964;&#953; &#945;&#960;&#959;&#955;&#945;&#956;&#946;&#940;&#957;&#969; &#960;&#940;&#961;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#973; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#948;&#953;&#940;&#955;&#959;&#947;&#959; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#945;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#955;&#955;&#945;&#947;&#942; &#945;&#960;&#972;&#968;&#949;&#969;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#963;&#967;&#972;&#955;&#953;&#945; &#954;&#940;&#964;&#969; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#945; Notes &#956;&#959;&#965;. &#924;&#945;&#952;&#945;&#943;&#957;&#969; &#960;&#940;&#961;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#949;&#963;&#940;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#967;&#945;&#943;&#961;&#959;&#956;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#955;&#949;&#953;&#959;&#968;&#951;&#966;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#960;&#964;&#974;&#963;&#949;&#969;&#957; &#964;&#945; &#963;&#967;&#972;&#955;&#953;&#940; &#963;&#945;&#962; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#954;&#972;&#963;&#956;&#953;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#940;&#954;&#961;&#969;&#962; &#949;&#957;&#951;&#956;&#949;&#961;&#969;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#940;. &#904;&#964;&#963;&#953; &#955;&#959;&#953;&#960;&#972;&#957;, &#960;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#972;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#940;&#948;&#959;&#963;&#942; &#956;&#959;&#965; &#957;&#945; &#945;&#966;&#942;&#957;&#969; &#963;&#964;&#951; &#956;&#941;&#963;&#951; &#941;&#957;&#945; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#963;&#967;&#941;&#948;&#953;&#959; stack &#960;&#959;&#965; &#949;&#964;&#959;&#943;&#956;&#945;&#950;&#945; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#960;&#943;&#963;&#954;&#949;&#968;&#951; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#928;&#940;&#960;&#945; &#963;&#964;&#951; &#924;&#941;&#963;&#951; &#913;&#957;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#955;&#942; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#957;&#945; &#958;&#949;&#954;&#953;&#957;&#940;&#969; &#954;&#940;&#964;&#953; &#960;&#945;&#957;&#964;&#949;&#955;&#974;&#962; &#940;&#963;&#967;&#949;&#964;&#959; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#956;&#949; &#949;&#957;&#941;&#960;&#957;&#949;&#965;&#963;&#949; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#953;&#947;&#956;&#942;&#957;, &#945;&#960;&#959;&#966;&#940;&#963;&#953;&#963;&#945; &#957;&#945; &#947;&#961;&#940;&#968;&#969; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#954;&#940;&#964;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#949;&#956;&#960;&#957;&#949;&#973;&#963;&#964;&#951;&#954;&#945; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#945; &#963;&#967;&#972;&#955;&#953;&#940; &#963;&#945;&#962;.</p><p>&#904;&#967;&#969; &#948;&#951;&#955;&#974;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#963;&#964;&#959; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#949;&#955;&#952;&#972;&#957; &#972;&#964;&#953; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#945; &#949;&#954;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#940;&#948;&#949;&#962; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#963;&#967;&#941;&#948;&#953;&#945; &#952;&#949;&#956;&#940;&#964;&#969;&#957; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#967;&#969; &#945;&#960;&#959;&#952;&#951;&#954;&#949;&#965;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#945;, &#949;&#955;&#940;&#967;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#945;&#966;&#941;&#961;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#957;&#945; &#947;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#941;&#957;&#945; &#958;&#949;&#967;&#969;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#972; stack, &#947;&#953;&#8217; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#972; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#955;&#941;&#962; &#966;&#959;&#961;&#941;&#962; &#964;&#945; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#959;&#965;&#963;&#953;&#940;&#950;&#969; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#953;&#959; &#963;&#973;&#957;&#964;&#959;&#956;&#951; &#949;&#954;&#948;&#959;&#967;&#942; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#945; Notes.</p><p>&#928;&#961;&#959;&#967;&#952;&#941;&#962; &#955;&#959;&#953;&#960;&#972;&#957;, &#941;&#954;&#945;&#957;&#945; &#941;&#957;&#945; Note &#947;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#945; &#947;&#949;&#957;&#941;&#952;&#955;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#915;&#959;&#965;&#943;&#957;&#964;&#963;&#959;&#957; &#932;&#963;&#972;&#961;&#964;&#963;&#953;&#955;:</p><div class="comment" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://open.substack.com/home&quot;,&quot;commentId&quot;:183118386,&quot;comment&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:183118386,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2025-12-01T19:59:22.074Z&quot;,&quot;edited_at&quot;:&quot;2025-12-01T20:02:14.342Z&quot;,&quot;body&quot;:&quot;I neglected yesterday to say something about Winston Churchill as it was his birthday. He was born on 30th of November in 1874 at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire and if there was one word to characterise him, that would be &#8220;resilient&#8221;. \n\nA statesman, soldier, orator, and Nobel Prize-winning author, he served twice as UK Prime Minister (1940-1945, 1951-1955) and he was named as &#8220;the Father of Victory&#8221;. \n\nDuring World War II, Churchill rallied Britain from the brink of defeat, forging Allied strategy with Roosevelt and Stalin to vanquish the Axis powers. His iconic speeches, like \&quot;blood, toil, tears and sweat,\&quot; boosted morale amid hardship. My favourite scene from the movie The Darkest Hour is when he says &#8220;When will the lesson be learned?! You cannot reason a tiger with your head in its mouth!&#8221; with many analogies for today's situation in Ucraine also. \n\nPostwar, he warned of the Soviet \&quot;Iron Curtain,\&quot; shaping the Cold War era. Awarded the 1953 Nobel in Literature for his historical works, Churchill died in 1965. Perhaps a proper stack about him would be more appropriate now that I think about it. &quot;,&quot;body_json&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;doc&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;schemaVersion&quot;:&quot;v1&quot;},&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;,&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;I neglected yesterday to say something about Winston Churchill as it was his birthday. He was born on 30th of November in 1874 at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire and if there was one word to characterise him, that would be &#8220;resilient&#8221;. &quot;}]},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;,&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;A statesman, soldier, orator, and Nobel Prize-winning author, he served twice as UK Prime Minister (1940-1945, 1951-1955) and he was named as &#8220;the Father of Victory&#8221;. &quot;}]},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;,&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;During World War II, Churchill rallied Britain from the brink of defeat, forging Allied strategy with Roosevelt and Stalin to vanquish the Axis powers. His iconic speeches, like \&quot;blood, toil, tears and sweat,\&quot; boosted morale amid hardship. My favourite scene from the movie The Darkest Hour is when he says &#8220;&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;marks&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;bold&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;italic&quot;}],&quot;text&quot;:&quot;When will the lesson be learned?! You cannot reason a tiger with your head in its mouth!&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&#8221; with many analogies for today's situation in Ucraine also. &quot;}]},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;,&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Postwar, he warned of the Soviet \&quot;Iron Curtain,\&quot; shaping the Cold War era. Awarded the 1953 Nobel in Literature for his historical works, Churchill died in 1965. Perhaps a proper stack about him would be more appropriate now that I think about it. &quot;}]}]},&quot;restacks&quot;:3,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:5,&quot;attachments&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;8b39d5a9-bc2d-442f-8db6-d01335aad779&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:218029278,&quot;comment_id&quot;:183118386,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;video&quot;,&quot;media_upload_id&quot;:&quot;c5dbe18d-32ca-488f-bf0f-d663c5b1fb41&quot;,&quot;mediaUpload&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;c5dbe18d-32ca-488f-bf0f-d663c5b1fb41&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_at&quot;:&quot;2025-12-01T19:59:13.565Z&quot;,&quot;uploaded_at&quot;:&quot;2025-12-01T19:59:16.549Z&quot;,&quot;publication_id&quot;:null,&quot;state&quot;:&quot;transcoded&quot;,&quot;post_id&quot;:null,&quot;user_id&quot;:218029278,&quot;duration&quot;:31.25,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:576,&quot;thumbnail_id&quot;:1,&quot;preview_start&quot;:null,&quot;preview_duration&quot;:null,&quot;media_type&quot;:&quot;video&quot;,&quot;primary_file_size&quot;:918543,&quot;is_mux&quot;:true,&quot;mux_asset_id&quot;:&quot;EsjUHPaD52zjaIONRzBj6XBkEyy9gGFlIYxEJ00VEMWA&quot;,&quot;mux_playback_id&quot;:&quot;Ovj9tq500BOo3aCen1ROixtjSKYQ8ns2dv82jdwW4fF00&quot;,&quot;mux_preview_asset_id&quot;:null,&quot;mux_preview_playback_id&quot;:null,&quot;mux_rendition_quality&quot;:&quot;high&quot;,&quot;mux_preview_rendition_quality&quot;:null,&quot;explicit&quot;:false,&quot;copyright_infringement&quot;:null,&quot;src_media_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;live_stream_id&quot;:null}},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ffaf3ebe-f1b9-4454-b99f-f91ead2a2f70&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;post&quot;,&quot;publication&quot;:{&quot;apple_pay_disabled&quot;:false,&quot;apex_domain&quot;:null,&quot;author_id&quot;:218029278,&quot;byline_images_enabled&quot;:true,&quot;bylines_enabled&quot;:true,&quot;chartable_token&quot;:null,&quot;community_enabled&quot;:true,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Studying 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sayings have been attributed to Churchill, such as &#8220;From now on, we will not say that Greeks fight like heroes, but that heroes fight like Greeks,&#8221; ostensibly regarding Greece&#8217;s victory over the Italians in 1940 or &#8220;Germany must be bombed every 50 years; it doesn&#8217;t matter if you know the reason or not. They do.&#8221; Sir Churchill was prolific and also notorious for his witty remarks, but over the years, it seems that many things&#8212;both good and bad&#8212;have been attributed to him that weren&#8217;t actually his. Perhaps the most famous is an exchange supposedly between him and Lady Astor, with whom he apparently did not get along. When Lady Astor told him that if she were his wife, she would put poison in his tea and give it to him to drink, Churchill supposedly replied: &#8220;Madam, if I were your husband, I would gladly drink it.&#8221;&quot;,&quot;is_auto_selection&quot;:false},&quot;postSelectionTheme&quot;:null,&quot;postImageSelection&quot;:null,&quot;clipInfo&quot;:null,&quot;mediaClip&quot;:null}],&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Studying History&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:218029278,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b99120af-d19d-4926-a1ef-60bdc7b43b7d_617x617.jpeg&quot;,&quot;user_bestseller_tier&quot;:null,&quot;userStatus&quot;:{&quot;bestsellerTier&quot;:null,&quot;subscriberTier&quot;:null,&quot;leaderboard&quot;:null,&quot;vip&quot;:false,&quot;badge&quot;:null,&quot;paidPublicationIds&quot;:[],&quot;subscriber&quot;:null}}}" data-component-name="CommentPlaceholder"></div><p>&#917;&#960;&#949;&#953;&#948;&#942; &#956;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#958;&#973; &#940;&#955;&#955;&#969;&#957;, &#964;&#959; 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&#922;&#943;&#956;&#969;&#957;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#960;&#945;&#964;&#941;&#961;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#928;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#955;&#942; &#954;.&#945;.</p><p>&#908;&#963;&#959;&#957; &#945;&#966;&#959;&#961;&#940; &#948;&#949; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#964;&#949;&#961;&#964;&#943;&#960;&#953;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#953;&#962; &#948;&#953;&#940;&#966;&#959;&#961;&#949;&#962; &#945;&#957;&#945;&#960;&#959;&#948;&#953;&#941;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#916;&#951;&#956;&#959;&#954;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#943;&#945;&#962;, &#959; -&#954;&#940;&#952;&#949; &#940;&#955;&#955;&#959; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#940; &#940;&#947;&#953;&#959;&#962;- &#915;&#959;&#965;&#943;&#957;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#932;&#963;&#972;&#961;&#964;&#963;&#953;&#955; &#964;&#945; &#941;&#967;&#949;&#953; &#960;&#949;&#953; &#954;&#945;&#955;&#973;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#945; &#945;&#960;&#8217; &#972;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#962;, &#969;&#962; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#942;&#952;&#969;&#962;: &#8220;<em>democracy is the worst form of government except for all the others that have been tried.</em>&#8220;</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[5.000 Subscribers Celebration Offer]]></title><description><![CDATA[Blink and you'll miss it]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/5000-subscribers-celebration-offer</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/5000-subscribers-celebration-offer</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 28 Nov 2025 20:54:16 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/71d48e3d-b88e-495f-bed0-7869fcdedb1c_498x278.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h4>We did it!</h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0ILH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a7487e9-afbc-426f-aa6a-4f5eae7fc89f_498x278.gif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0ILH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a7487e9-afbc-426f-aa6a-4f5eae7fc89f_498x278.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0ILH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a7487e9-afbc-426f-aa6a-4f5eae7fc89f_498x278.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0ILH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a7487e9-afbc-426f-aa6a-4f5eae7fc89f_498x278.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0ILH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a7487e9-afbc-426f-aa6a-4f5eae7fc89f_498x278.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0ILH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a7487e9-afbc-426f-aa6a-4f5eae7fc89f_498x278.gif" width="650" height="362.85140562248995" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>To celebrate reaching the 5,000 subscribers milestone, I thought of creating an offer for those who buy a subscription to <a href="http://studyinghistory.gr">Studying History</a> over the weekend.</p><p>Blink and you&#8217;ll miss it!</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xb08!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e38dda-bfa1-4b83-a4b3-3fa39a6a4893_922x801.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xb08!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e38dda-bfa1-4b83-a4b3-3fa39a6a4893_922x801.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xb08!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e38dda-bfa1-4b83-a4b3-3fa39a6a4893_922x801.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xb08!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e38dda-bfa1-4b83-a4b3-3fa39a6a4893_922x801.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xb08!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e38dda-bfa1-4b83-a4b3-3fa39a6a4893_922x801.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>With your subscription, beyond my eternal gratitude for your support, you&#8217;ll have access to the stacks behind the paywall and all those that will be created in the future. Also, for those who agree to it, I&#8217;ll send a personalized gift I&#8217;ve created for my paid subscribers. Don&#8217;t worry, it&#8217;s nothing weird&#8212;it has to do with history and poetry, the love for which since you&#8217;re here reading this right now, we have in common.</p><p>Ok, I mean, you can blink more than once. Actually, since a person blinks around 15-20 times per minute while awake, totaling approximately 14,400 to 21,600 blinks per day (assuming 16-18 hours awake), over the weekend this equates to roughly 28,800 to 43,200 blinks. So, you can blink thousands of times before you miss this opportunity.</p><p>I can&#8217;t really promise a steady stream of stacks, since this isn&#8217;t my day-job , yet, and I think that would somewhat spoil the spontaneity that characterizes my Substack. However, you can <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/notes">follow my Notes</a>, which I curate daily with inspiration from my university classes and everyday stimuli. What I can promise you, though, is that everything I write will be well-researched and will bring history to life on your screen.&#8203;</p><p>In any case, thank you from the bottom of my heart for supporting me in sharing my passion for history, archaeology, and culture in general.</p><p>If you&#8217;re sold, you can get 50% off for an annual subscription, here:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/5000SubscribersCelebrationOffer&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;50% off - 5.000 Subscribers Celebration&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/5000SubscribersCelebrationOffer"><span>50% off - 5.000 Subscribers Celebration</span></a></p><p>For the historiophiles that joined us recently you can read the following stack which is kind of an about me page:</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;ebf08762-baa4-43d7-a7b7-e09a7aebe777&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;lg&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;I grow old always learning&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:218029278,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Studying History&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;\&quot;This is the display of inquiry, so that the deeds of men may not be forgotten by time.\&quot; Herodotus &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b99120af-d19d-4926-a1ef-60bdc7b43b7d_617x617.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2025-07-02T17:41:49.952Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CAHp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f19b58b-3ff8-46fd-a133-50490fcad415_1152x899.webp&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:null,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:167345939,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:29,&quot;comment_count&quot;:3,&quot;publication_id&quot;:4163057,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Studying History&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shZC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d09400-f9b3-420f-982c-4da55b3b7c37_256x256.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p>And if you haven&#8217;t read it already, here&#8217;s why I believe that whoever studies history is doomed:</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;832bf15f-f785-435d-87eb-de1371da456a&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Currently 2&#8240; of Studying History subscribers have upgraded their subscription and gained access to exclusive content, personalised gifts and the joy to help me spread my passion for history, archaeology and culture. To support my work, consider becoming a paid subscriber.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;lg&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Those who study history are doomed&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:218029278,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Studying History&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;\&quot;This is the display of inquiry, so that the deeds of men may not be forgotten by time.\&quot; Herodotus &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b99120af-d19d-4926-a1ef-60bdc7b43b7d_617x617.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2025-06-30T00:02:27.174Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lxt9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8134fedf-074e-45e6-b404-05d472eb071f_800x473.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/why-study-history&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:null,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:167134706,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:49,&quot;comment_count&quot;:7,&quot;publication_id&quot;:4163057,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Studying History&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shZC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d09400-f9b3-420f-982c-4da55b3b7c37_256x256.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p>Until the next stack, &#7952;&#961;&#961;&#8182;&#963;&#952;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#949;&#8016;&#948;&#945;&#953;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#949;&#8150;&#964;&#949;.</p><h5>Whether it&#8217;s just the price of a single frapp&#233; coffee or a book, every contribution matters. Donations help cover research, writing, and the resources needed to keep sharing my passion for uncovering the past and bringing history, archaeology, and culture to life:</h5><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work/buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work/buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[How a song brought down the Berlin Wall, just for one day]]></title><description><![CDATA[David Bowie's legendary concert in West Berlin]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/how-a-song-brought-down-the-berlin-wall</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/how-a-song-brought-down-the-berlin-wall</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 10 Nov 2025 21:07:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yoEv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95b96fd6-0464-441d-8567-2243bd676a02_900x430.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Upgrade your subscription and gain access to exclusive content, personalised gifts and the joy to help me spread my passion for history, archaeology and culture. To support my work, consider becoming a paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><h5><strong>&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;</strong></h5><p>The Berlin Wall fell on November 9, 1989, but much earlier it had secretly fallen for just one night. And it was a song that brought it down.</p><p>for uncovering the past and bringing history, archaeology, and culture to life.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yoEv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95b96fd6-0464-441d-8567-2243bd676a02_900x430.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yoEv!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95b96fd6-0464-441d-8567-2243bd676a02_900x430.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yoEv!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95b96fd6-0464-441d-8567-2243bd676a02_900x430.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yoEv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95b96fd6-0464-441d-8567-2243bd676a02_900x430.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yoEv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95b96fd6-0464-441d-8567-2243bd676a02_900x430.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yoEv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95b96fd6-0464-441d-8567-2243bd676a02_900x430.webp" width="900" height="430" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/95b96fd6-0464-441d-8567-2243bd676a02_900x430.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:430,&quot;width&quot;:900,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:104868,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/webp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/178531795?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95b96fd6-0464-441d-8567-2243bd676a02_900x430.webp&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yoEv!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95b96fd6-0464-441d-8567-2243bd676a02_900x430.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yoEv!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95b96fd6-0464-441d-8567-2243bd676a02_900x430.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yoEv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95b96fd6-0464-441d-8567-2243bd676a02_900x430.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yoEv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95b96fd6-0464-441d-8567-2243bd676a02_900x430.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>It was &#8220;Heroes,&#8221; about two lovers separated by History, and while today the lyrics might sound somewhat poignantly hopeful, at the time their literal meaning left no room for anything but becoming an anthem for Freedom.</p><p>It was June 1987.</p><p>Almost 10 years after his legendary Berlin Years, David Bowie gave a concert in West Berlin, in front of the Reichstag and just a breath away from the Wall. Before playing &#8220;Heroes,&#8221; he addressed those behind the iron curtain. It&#8217;s said Bowie requested the sound system be deliberately pointed toward East Berlin. No one could stop the music from reaching the people, and thousands of East Germans who had gathered illegally on the other side chanted slogans demanding the Wall fall and for Gorbachev to free them. Clashes and arrests followed, but it was one of the first times the atmosphere seemed to be changing. A week later, Reagan would visit and deliver his historic speech at the Brandenburg Gate with the words &#8220;<em>Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!</em>&#8221;</p><p>The rest is history, but many years later Bowie said in an interview that it was the most emotionally charged concert he ever gave and that he cried hearing the people on the other side singing with him and cheering as if nothing separated them anymore.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHMC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F371c4959-bc63-49cc-a63e-88b1dcf3312f_910x511.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHMC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F371c4959-bc63-49cc-a63e-88b1dcf3312f_910x511.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHMC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F371c4959-bc63-49cc-a63e-88b1dcf3312f_910x511.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHMC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F371c4959-bc63-49cc-a63e-88b1dcf3312f_910x511.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHMC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F371c4959-bc63-49cc-a63e-88b1dcf3312f_910x511.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHMC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F371c4959-bc63-49cc-a63e-88b1dcf3312f_910x511.webp" width="910" height="511" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/371c4959-bc63-49cc-a63e-88b1dcf3312f_910x511.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:511,&quot;width&quot;:910,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:30268,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/webp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/178531795?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F371c4959-bc63-49cc-a63e-88b1dcf3312f_910x511.webp&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHMC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F371c4959-bc63-49cc-a63e-88b1dcf3312f_910x511.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHMC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F371c4959-bc63-49cc-a63e-88b1dcf3312f_910x511.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHMC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F371c4959-bc63-49cc-a63e-88b1dcf3312f_910x511.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHMC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F371c4959-bc63-49cc-a63e-88b1dcf3312f_910x511.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>In 2016, on the day of Bowie&#8217;s death, Germany&#8217;s Foreign Ministry bid him farewell, thanking him for his contribution to the Wall&#8217;s fall, calling him a hero as well.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><p>David Bowie&#8217;s landmark performance in the divided city shook the occupants to their emotional core, making him a hero to generations of Berliners. And even if, from a historical standpoint, that concert didn&#8217;t directly determine the events that followed, and even if in reality &#8220;Heroes&#8221; never actually brought down the Berlin Wall, for one night it managed to unite two such distant worlds exactly as the lyrics had foretold:</p><p><code>We can be heroes just for one day!</code></p><div id="youtube2-lXgkuM2NhYI" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;lXgkuM2NhYI&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/lXgkuM2NhYI?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p><strong>How did the wall actually fall like a ripe fruit: The peaceful revolution</strong></p><p>Two years and 4 months after Bowie&#8217;s Glass Spider Tour, on October 7-8, 1989, Gorbachev visited East Berlin for official celebratory events. During the parade on Unter den Linden Avenue, thousands of East Germans cheered him, shouting &#8220;<em>Gorbi, help us! Gorbi, stay here!</em>&#8221; while opposition protests continued in the following days.</p><p>Honecker hesitated about whether to order the security forces to intervene and, having no support from Moscow, resigned on October 18.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>His successor, Egon Krenz, opposed repression of the demonstrations and assured Gorbachev that despite difficulties, he would endure. Returning from Moscow, Krenz decided to relax the travel restrictions to the West (without abolishing them), in an effort to ease tensions.</p><p>The hastily prepared decree was given to G&#252;nter Schabowski, a member of the Politburo, who was not at the meeting but was preparing to inform journalists. Schabowski glanced hurriedly at it and then announced that the citizens of the GDR were free to leave &#8220;<em>from any border crossing point.</em>&#8221; The surprised journalists asked when the new regulations would take effect.</p><p>Searching unsuccessfully for the papers, Schabowski replied, &#8220;<em>According to my information, from this moment.</em>&#8221; Did the regulations also apply to travel to West Berlin? Schabowski looked at his papers again, shrugged his shoulders, shuffled some papers, and answered, &#8220;<em>Permanent exit may take place through all borders from the GDR to West Germany and to West Berlin respectively.</em>&#8221; The next question was: &#8220;<em>What is going to happen now with the Berlin Wall?</em>&#8221; Schabowski mumbled an incomprehensible answer and ended the press conference.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!koR2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F729a1910-b513-4bc9-aa54-3099ee47c654_798x512.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!koR2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F729a1910-b513-4bc9-aa54-3099ee47c654_798x512.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!koR2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F729a1910-b513-4bc9-aa54-3099ee47c654_798x512.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!koR2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F729a1910-b513-4bc9-aa54-3099ee47c654_798x512.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!koR2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F729a1910-b513-4bc9-aa54-3099ee47c654_798x512.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!koR2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F729a1910-b513-4bc9-aa54-3099ee47c654_798x512.jpeg" width="798" height="512" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!koR2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F729a1910-b513-4bc9-aa54-3099ee47c654_798x512.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!koR2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F729a1910-b513-4bc9-aa54-3099ee47c654_798x512.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!koR2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F729a1910-b513-4bc9-aa54-3099ee47c654_798x512.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!koR2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F729a1910-b513-4bc9-aa54-3099ee47c654_798x512.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>(Later it was revealed that the announcement was to be made the next afternoon, so that the border guards could be informed first. Schabowski also had to clarify that East Germans would have to apply for a visa from the competent authorities.)</p><p>Within minutes, the news that the Wall was open circulated. It was not, but crowds began to gather at crossing points and the guards had no instructions. Krenz, stuck in a Central Committee session, had no idea what was happening, and by the time he found out, the crowds were impossible to control. Eventually, the border guards at Bornholmer Strasse took the initiative to open the gates&#8230;</p><p>In Moscow, Gorbachev only declared the next morning to the East German authorities: &#8220;<code>You have made the right decision.</code>&#8221;</p><p>The official demolition started the following June. It was one of the events that signaled the start of the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe. The end of the Cold War was declared at the Malta Summit in early December, and the reunification of Germany was achieved in October of the following year.</p><p>Till the next stack, &#7952;&#961;&#961;&#8182;&#963;&#952;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#949;&#8016;&#948;&#945;&#953;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#949;&#8150;&#964;&#949;.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/how-a-song-brought-down-the-berlin-wall?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/how-a-song-brought-down-the-berlin-wall?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The series of <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/a-death-foretold">articles on Modern Greek History</a>, starting with the assassination of its first Governor Kapodistrias, is available exclusively to subscribers alongside general history content accessible to all. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Whether it&#8217;s just the price of a single frapp&#233; coffee or a book, every contribution matters. Donations help cover research, writing, and the resources needed to keep sharing my passion for uncovering the past and bringing history, archaeology, and culture to life.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work; Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work; Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><p><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">About the author</a></p><p></p><h6><strong>&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#964;&#959; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;</strong></h6><p>&#932;&#959; &#932;&#949;&#943;&#967;&#959;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#914;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#955;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#960;&#949;&#963;&#949; &#963;&#945;&#957; &#963;&#942;&#956;&#949;&#961;&#945; &#964;&#959; 1989, &#972;&#956;&#969;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#973; &#957;&#969;&#961;&#943;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#945; &#949;&#943;&#967;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#945;&#966;&#941;&#961;&#949;&#953; &#957;&#945; &#960;&#941;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#954;&#961;&#965;&#966;&#940; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#941;&#957;&#945; &#956;&#972;&#957;&#959; &#946;&#961;&#940;&#948;&#965;. &#922;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959; &#949;&#943;&#967;&#949; &#961;&#943;&#958;&#949;&#953; &#941;&#957;&#945; &#964;&#961;&#945;&#947;&#959;&#973;&#948;&#953;. </p><p>&#905;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#964;&#959; Heroes &#954;&#945;&#953; &#959;&#953; &#948;&#965;&#959; &#949;&#961;&#945;&#963;&#964;&#941;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#967;&#969;&#961;&#943;&#950;&#949;&#953; &#951; &#921;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#943;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#942;&#956;&#949;&#961;&#945; &#959;&#953; &#963;&#964;&#943;&#967;&#959;&#953; &#956;&#960;&#959;&#961;&#949;&#943; &#957;&#945; &#945;&#954;&#959;&#973;&#947;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#954;&#940;&#960;&#969;&#962; &#945;&#953;&#963;&#953;&#972;&#948;&#959;&#958;&#945; &#963;&#960;&#945;&#961;&#945;&#954;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#943;, &#945;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#964;&#972;&#964;&#949; &#951; &#954;&#965;&#961;&#953;&#959;&#955;&#949;&#958;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#940;&#966;&#951;&#957;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#957;&#941;&#957;&#945; &#940;&#955;&#955;&#959; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#952;&#974;&#961;&#953;&#959; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#959; &#957;&#945; &#947;&#943;&#957;&#949;&#953; &#941;&#957;&#945;&#962; &#973;&#956;&#957;&#959;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#917;&#955;&#949;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#961;&#943;&#945;.</p><p>&#917;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#921;&#959;&#973;&#957;&#953;&#959;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; 1987. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>&#931;&#967;&#949;&#948;&#972;&#957; 10 &#967;&#961;&#972;&#957;&#953;&#945; &#956;&#949;&#964;&#940; &#964;&#945; &#956;&#965;&#952;&#953;&#954;&#940; Berlin Years &#964;&#959;&#965;, &#959; David Bowie &#948;&#943;&#957;&#949;&#953; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#945;&#965;&#955;&#943;&#945; &#963;&#964;&#959; &#916;&#965;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#914;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#955;&#943;&#957;&#959;, &#956;&#960;&#961;&#959;&#963;&#964;&#940; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#959; Reichstag &#954;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#949; &#945;&#960;&#972;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951; &#945;&#957;&#945;&#960;&#957;&#959;&#942;&#962; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#959; &#932;&#949;&#943;&#967;&#959;&#962;. &#928;&#961;&#953;&#957; &#960;&#945;&#943;&#958;&#949;&#953; &#964;&#959; Heroes, &#958;&#949;&#954;&#953;&#957;&#945;&#949;&#953; &#945;&#960;&#949;&#965;&#952;&#965;&#957;&#972;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959;&#962; &#963;&#949; &#972;&#963;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#946;&#961;&#943;&#963;&#954;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#943;&#963;&#969; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#959; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#945;&#960;&#941;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#956;&#945;. &#923;&#941;&#957;&#949; &#960;&#969;&#962; &#959; Bowie &#949;&#943;&#967;&#949; &#950;&#951;&#964;&#942;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#957;&#945; &#963;&#964;&#961;&#941;&#968;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#949;&#960;&#943;&#964;&#951;&#948;&#949;&#962; &#964;&#953;&#962; &#951;&#967;&#951;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#941;&#962; &#949;&#947;&#954;&#945;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#964;&#940;&#963;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#955;&#949;&#965;&#961;&#940; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#913;&#957;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#973; &#914;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#955;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#965;. &#922;&#945;&#957;&#949;&#943;&#962; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#956;&#960;&#959;&#961;&#959;&#973;&#963;&#949; &#957;&#945; &#949;&#956;&#960;&#959;&#948;&#943;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#964;&#951; &#956;&#959;&#965;&#963;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#957;&#945; &#966;&#964;&#940;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#945;&#957;&#952;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#959;&#953; &#967;&#953;&#955;&#953;&#940;&#948;&#949;&#962; &#945;&#957;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#947;&#949;&#961;&#956;&#945;&#957;&#959;&#943; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#949;&#943;&#967;&#945;&#957; &#963;&#965;&#947;&#954;&#949;&#957;&#964;&#961;&#969;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#957;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#945;&#954;&#959;&#973;&#963;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#955;&#945;&#952;&#961;&#945;&#943;&#945; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#940;&#955;&#955;&#951; &#960;&#955;&#949;&#965;&#961;&#940; &#966;&#974;&#957;&#945;&#950;&#945;&#957; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#952;&#942;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#945; &#950;&#951;&#964;&#974;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#962; &#957;&#945; &#960;&#941;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#964;&#959; &#932;&#949;&#943;&#967;&#959;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#957;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#945;&#960;&#949;&#947;&#954;&#955;&#969;&#946;&#943;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#959; &#915;&#954;&#959;&#961;&#956;&#960;&#945;&#964;&#963;&#972;&#966;. &#913;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#973;&#952;&#951;&#963;&#945;&#957; &#963;&#965;&#956;&#960;&#955;&#959;&#954;&#941;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#965;&#955;&#955;&#942;&#968;&#949;&#953;&#962;, &#972;&#956;&#969;&#962; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#942; &#942;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#956;&#943;&#945; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#953;&#962; &#960;&#961;&#974;&#964;&#949;&#962; &#966;&#959;&#961;&#941;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#964;&#959; &#954;&#955;&#943;&#956;&#945; &#956;&#940;&#955;&#955;&#959;&#957; &#941;&#956;&#959;&#953;&#945;&#950;&#949; &#957;&#945; &#945;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#950;&#949;&#953;. &#924;&#953;&#945; &#949;&#946;&#948;&#959;&#956;&#940;&#948;&#945; &#945;&#961;&#947;&#972;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#945; &#952;&#945; &#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#959;&#973;&#963;&#949; &#951; &#949;&#960;&#943;&#963;&#954;&#949;&#968;&#951; &#964;&#959;&#965; Reagan &#954;&#945;&#953; &#951; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#959;&#956;&#953;&#955;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#928;&#973;&#955;&#951; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#914;&#961;&#945;&#957;&#948;&#949;&#956;&#946;&#959;&#973;&#961;&#947;&#959;&#965; &#956;&#949; &#964;&#959; &#8220;Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!&#8221;.</p><p>The rest is history, &#945;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#967;&#961;&#972;&#957;&#953;&#945; &#945;&#961;&#947;&#972;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#945; &#963;&#949; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#941;&#957;&#964;&#949;&#965;&#958;&#942; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#959; Bowie &#952;&#945; &#960;&#949;&#953; &#960;&#969;&#962; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#942; &#942;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#951; &#960;&#953;&#959; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#945;&#953;&#963;&#952;&#951;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#966;&#959;&#961;&#964;&#953;&#963;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#951; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#945;&#965;&#955;&#943;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#967;&#949;&#953; &#948;&#974;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#969;&#962; &#941;&#954;&#955;&#945;&#953;&#947;&#949; &#945;&#954;&#959;&#973;&#947;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#962; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#940;&#955;&#955;&#951; &#960;&#955;&#949;&#965;&#961;&#940; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#945;&#957;&#952;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#957;&#945; &#964;&#961;&#945;&#947;&#959;&#965;&#948;&#940;&#957;&#949; &#956;&#945;&#950;&#943; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#957;&#945; &#950;&#951;&#964;&#969;&#954;&#961;&#945;&#965;&#947;&#940;&#950;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#963;&#945;&#957; &#957;&#945; &#956;&#951;&#957; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#967;&#974;&#961;&#953;&#950;&#949; &#964;&#943;&#960;&#959;&#964;&#945; &#960;&#953;&#945;.  </p><p>&#932;&#959; 2016, &#964;&#951;&#957; &#951;&#956;&#941;&#961;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#952;&#945;&#957;&#940;&#964;&#959;&#965; &#964;&#959;&#965; Bowie, &#964;&#959; &#933;&#960;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#947;&#949;&#943;&#959; &#917;&#958;&#969;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#974;&#957; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#915;&#949;&#961;&#956;&#945;&#957;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#945;&#960;&#959;&#967;&#945;&#953;&#961;&#941;&#964;&#951;&#963;&#949; &#949;&#965;&#967;&#945;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#974;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#951; &#963;&#965;&#956;&#946;&#959;&#955;&#942; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#964;&#974;&#963;&#951; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#932;&#949;&#943;&#967;&#959;&#965;&#962;, &#945;&#960;&#959;&#954;&#945;&#955;&#974;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#972;&#957; &#941;&#957;&#945;&#957; &#942;&#961;&#969;&#945;.</p><p>&#922;&#953; &#945;&#954;&#972;&#956;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#945;&#957; &#956;&#949; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#954;&#961;&#953;&#964;&#942;&#961;&#953;&#945; &#951; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#945;&#965;&#955;&#943;&#945; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#942; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#966;&#945;&#943;&#957;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#957;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#952;&#972;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#949; &#963;&#949; &#964;&#943;&#960;&#959;&#964;&#945; &#964;&#945; &#947;&#949;&#947;&#959;&#957;&#972;&#964;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#973;&#952;&#951;&#963;&#945;&#957;, &#945;&#954;&#972;&#956;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#945;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#961;&#945;&#947;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#945; &#964;&#959; Heroes &#948;&#949;&#957; &#941;&#961;&#953;&#958;&#949; &#960;&#959;&#964;&#941; &#964;&#959; &#932;&#949;&#943;&#967;&#959;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#914;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#955;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#965;, &#947;&#953;&#945; &#941;&#957;&#945; &#946;&#961;&#940;&#948;&#965; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#940;&#966;&#949;&#961;&#949; &#957;&#945; &#949;&#957;&#974;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#948;&#965;&#959; &#964;&#972;&#963;&#959; &#956;&#945;&#954;&#961;&#953;&#957;&#959;&#973;&#962; &#954;&#972;&#963;&#956;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#945;&#954;&#961;&#953;&#946;&#974;&#962; &#972;&#960;&#969;&#962; &#949;&#943;&#967;&#945;&#957; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#966;&#951;&#964;&#949;&#973;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#959;&#953; &#943;&#948;&#953;&#959;&#953; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#959;&#953; &#963;&#964;&#943;&#967;&#959;&#953;.</p><p><code>We can be heroes just for one day!</code></p><div id="youtube2-lXgkuM2NhYI" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;lXgkuM2NhYI&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/lXgkuM2NhYI?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p><strong>&#928;&#974;&#962; &#972;&#956;&#969;&#962; &#941;&#960;&#949;&#963;&#949; &#963;&#964;&#8217; &#945;&#955;&#942;&#952;&#949;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#959; &#964;&#949;&#943;&#967;&#959;&#962; - &#919; &#917;&#953;&#961;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#917;&#960;&#945;&#957;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#951;</strong></p><p>&#916;&#973;&#959; &#967;&#961;&#972;&#957;&#953;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#941;&#963;&#963;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#962; &#956;&#942;&#957;&#949;&#962; &#956;&#949;&#964;&#940; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#959;&#948;&#949;&#943;&#945; Glass Spider &#964;&#959;&#965; Bowie, &#963;&#964;&#953;&#962; 7-8 &#927;&#954;&#964;&#969;&#946;&#961;&#943;&#959;&#965; 1989, &#959; &#915;&#954;&#959;&#961;&#956;&#960;&#945;&#964;&#963;&#972;&#966; &#949;&#960;&#953;&#963;&#954;&#941;&#966;&#952;&#951;&#954;&#949; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#913;&#957;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#914;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#955;&#943;&#957;&#959; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#949;&#960;&#943;&#963;&#951;&#956;&#949;&#962; &#949;&#959;&#961;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#941;&#962; &#949;&#954;&#948;&#951;&#955;&#974;&#963;&#949;&#953;&#962;. &#922;&#945;&#964;&#940; &#964;&#951; &#948;&#953;&#940;&#961;&#954;&#949;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#941;&#955;&#945;&#963;&#951;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#955;&#949;&#969;&#966;&#972;&#961;&#959; Unter den Linden, &#967;&#953;&#955;&#953;&#940;&#948;&#949;&#962; &#913;&#957;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#947;&#949;&#961;&#956;&#945;&#957;&#959;&#943; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#949;&#960;&#949;&#965;&#966;&#951;&#956;&#959;&#973;&#963;&#945;&#957;, &#966;&#969;&#957;&#940;&#950;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#962; &#171;&#915;&#954;&#972;&#961;&#956;&#960;&#953;, &#946;&#959;&#942;&#952;&#951;&#963;&#941; &#956;&#945;&#962;! &#915;&#954;&#972;&#961;&#956;&#960;&#953;, &#956;&#949;&#943;&#957;&#949; &#949;&#948;&#974;!&#187;, &#949;&#957;&#974; &#959;&#953; &#948;&#953;&#945;&#948;&#951;&#955;&#974;&#963;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#945;&#957;&#964;&#953;&#960;&#959;&#955;&#943;&#964;&#949;&#965;&#963;&#951;&#962; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#949;&#967;&#943;&#950;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#964;&#953;&#962; &#949;&#960;&#972;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#949;&#962; &#956;&#941;&#961;&#949;&#962;.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><p>&#927; &#935;&#972;&#957;&#949;&#954;&#949;&#961; &#948;&#943;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#949; &#945;&#957; &#952;&#945; &#948;&#974;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#948;&#953;&#945;&#964;&#945;&#947;&#942; &#963;&#964;&#953;&#962; &#948;&#965;&#957;&#940;&#956;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#945;&#963;&#966;&#945;&#955;&#949;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#957;&#945; &#949;&#960;&#941;&#956;&#946;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#953;, &#967;&#969;&#961;&#943;&#962; &#965;&#960;&#959;&#963;&#964;&#942;&#961;&#953;&#958;&#951; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#951; &#924;&#972;&#963;&#967;&#945;, &#960;&#945;&#961;&#945;&#953;&#964;&#942;&#952;&#951;&#954;&#949; &#963;&#964;&#953;&#962; 18 &#927;&#954;&#964;&#969;&#946;&#961;&#943;&#959;&#965;.</p><p><br>&#927; &#948;&#953;&#940;&#948;&#959;&#967;&#972;&#962; 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&#949;&#960;&#943;&#963;&#951;&#956;&#951; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#949;&#948;&#940;&#966;&#953;&#963;&#951; &#958;&#949;&#954;&#943;&#957;&#951;&#963;&#949; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#949;&#960;&#972;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#921;&#959;&#973;&#957;&#953;&#959;. &#905;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#941;&#957;&#945; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#945; &#947;&#949;&#947;&#959;&#957;&#972;&#964;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#951;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#948;&#972;&#964;&#951;&#963;&#945;&#957; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#945;&#961;&#967;&#942; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#940;&#961;&#961;&#949;&#965;&#963;&#951;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#959;&#956;&#956;&#959;&#965;&#957;&#953;&#963;&#956;&#959;&#973; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#922;&#949;&#957;&#964;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#913;&#957;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#917;&#965;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#951;. &#932;&#959; &#964;&#941;&#955;&#959;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#936;&#965;&#967;&#961;&#959;&#973; &#928;&#959;&#955;&#941;&#956;&#959;&#965; &#945;&#957;&#945;&#954;&#959;&#953;&#957;&#974;&#952;&#951;&#954;&#949; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#931;&#973;&#957;&#959;&#948;&#959; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#924;&#940;&#955;&#964;&#945;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#953;&#962; &#945;&#961;&#967;&#941;&#962; &#916;&#949;&#954;&#949;&#956;&#946;&#961;&#943;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#951; &#949;&#960;&#945;&#957;&#941;&#957;&#969;&#963;&#951; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#915;&#949;&#961;&#956;&#945;&#957;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#949;&#960;&#953;&#964;&#949;&#973;&#967;&#952;&#951;&#954;&#949; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#927;&#954;&#964;&#974;&#946;&#961;&#953;&#959; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#949;&#960;&#972;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#964;&#959;&#965;&#962;.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/how-a-song-brought-down-the-berlin-wall?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/how-a-song-brought-down-the-berlin-wall?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><p><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">About the author</a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[To Have Taken the Trouble - Cavafy's take on New York Mayor elections]]></title><description><![CDATA[The decline of the Seleucid Empire is mirrored both in its leaders and its citizens.]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/to-have-taken-the-trouble-new-york-mayor-elections</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/to-have-taken-the-trouble-new-york-mayor-elections</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 08 Nov 2025 00:47:50 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4oue!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F447bdc5d-9d3e-4685-b3e6-0951f1c00967_968x675.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h5></h5><p>Those who have followed me from the beginning will know the love I have for Cavafy. I frequently refer to him and his poems in my <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/notes">Notes</a>, and two of my earliest university assignments concerned him.</p><h5><strong>(&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;)</strong></h5><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4oue!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F447bdc5d-9d3e-4685-b3e6-0951f1c00967_968x675.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4oue!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F447bdc5d-9d3e-4685-b3e6-0951f1c00967_968x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4oue!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F447bdc5d-9d3e-4685-b3e6-0951f1c00967_968x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4oue!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F447bdc5d-9d3e-4685-b3e6-0951f1c00967_968x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4oue!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F447bdc5d-9d3e-4685-b3e6-0951f1c00967_968x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4oue!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F447bdc5d-9d3e-4685-b3e6-0951f1c00967_968x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4oue!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F447bdc5d-9d3e-4685-b3e6-0951f1c00967_968x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4oue!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F447bdc5d-9d3e-4685-b3e6-0951f1c00967_968x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4oue!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F447bdc5d-9d3e-4685-b3e6-0951f1c00967_968x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The first was a summary of the course material for Ancient History II on the Hellenistic period, under the guise of a commentary on the poem <em>In the year 200 BC</em>&#65279;:</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;4a0c6f0b-ab2f-46e8-96f6-0f68eb4a4d32&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;*&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;lg&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;In the year 200 BC&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:218029278,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Studying History&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;\&quot;This is the display of inquiry, so that the deeds of men may not be forgotten by time.\&quot; Herodotus &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b99120af-d19d-4926-a1ef-60bdc7b43b7d_617x617.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2025-04-25T17:58:11.594Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fWq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7db03dac-ecef-4acb-b30b-d5da7f7c87b6_750x599.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/200bc&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:null,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:161955384,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:25,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:4163057,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Studying History&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shZC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d09400-f9b3-420f-982c-4da55b3b7c37_256x256.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p>The second was a commentary on his style in general, but also specifically on  <em>The God Abandons Antony</em>, the poem that inspired Leonard Cohen to write one of his most beautiful songs, &#8220;Alexandria Leaving.&#8221;</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;3162817c-245f-4b15-a86f-56af1d2d1bbc&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;When suddenly, at midnight, you hear an invisible procession going by with exquisite music, voices, don&#8217;t mourn your luck that&#8217;s failing now, work gone wrong, your plans all proving deceptive&#8212;don&#8217;t mourn them uselessly. As one long prepared, and graced with courage, say goodbye to her, the Alexandria that is leaving. Above &#8230;&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;lg&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;God abandons Antony&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:218029278,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Studying History&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;\&quot;This is the display of inquiry, so that the deeds of men may not be forgotten by time.\&quot; Herodotus &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b99120af-d19d-4926-a1ef-60bdc7b43b7d_617x617.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2025-06-07T22:36:49.118Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbea602fa-a5a7-411a-9282-5e26b6d9714d_500x336.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/god-abandons-antony&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:null,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:165429215,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:23,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:4163057,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Studying History&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shZC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d09400-f9b3-420f-982c-4da55b3b7c37_256x256.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p>Constantine P. Cavafy is the poet-historian&#8212;as he called himself&#8212;who was introduced to the world first by the author and literary critic E. M. Forster (<em>A Room with a View</em>&#65279;) and the poet and literary critic T. S. Eliot (<em>The Waste Land</em>&#65279;). Perhaps his best-known poem is <em>Ithaca&#65279;</em>, memorably recited by Sir Sean Connery in a manner that sends shivers down the spine:</p><div id="youtube2-1n3n2Ox4Yfk" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;1n3n2Ox4Yfk&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/1n3n2Ox4Yfk?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>My personal favorite, however, is <em><a href="https://www.onassis.org/initiatives/cavafy-archive/the-canon/thermopylae">Thermopylae&#65279;</a></em>. That is why I chose to have it printed on forex and sent it with a thank-you note to all my paid subscribers about a month ago: </p><div class="comment" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://open.substack.com/home&quot;,&quot;commentId&quot;:170944730,&quot;comment&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:170944730,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2025-10-28T06:56:37.504Z&quot;,&quot;edited_at&quot;:null,&quot;body&quot;:&quot;@Studying History a kinder gift from a fellow Greek I&#8217;ve yet to receive. Don&#8217;t make me cry, man. \n\n&#127468;&#127479;, the most abused country in the EU, the most vital to ancient history, where I wish to bring my father @Panagiotis Angelakos and my mother, and at some point my wife and hopefully my family. Where I believe I will be treated as a human, not a damaged piece of meat on the way to a gas chamber. \n\nI love you, Konstantinos -- my brother\n\n&#950;&#942;&#964;&#969; &#951; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#948;&#945; &quot;,&quot;body_json&quot;:{&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;schemaVersion&quot;:&quot;v1&quot;},&quot;type&quot;:&quot;doc&quot;,&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Studying History&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:218029278,&quot;mentionType&quot;:&quot;user&quot;},&quot;type&quot;:&quot;substack_mention&quot;},{&quot;text&quot;:&quot; a kinder gift from a fellow Greek I&#8217;ve yet to receive. Don&#8217;t make me cry, man. &quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;}],&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;},{&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&#127468;&#127479;, the most abused country in the EU, the most vital to ancient history, where I wish to bring my father &quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;substack_mention&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:61632846,&quot;mentionType&quot;:&quot;user&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Panagiotis Angelakos&quot;}},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot; and my mother, and at some point my wife and hopefully my family. Where I believe I will be treated as a human, not a damaged piece of meat on the way to a gas chamber. &quot;}],&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;},{&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;I love you, Konstantinos -- my brother&quot;}],&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;},{&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&#950;&#942;&#964;&#969; &#951; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#948;&#945; &quot;,&quot;marks&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;bold&quot;}]}],&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;}]},&quot;restacks&quot;:1,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:4,&quot;attachments&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;33f8b66a-98f3-4117-845e-62c6a5601cea&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image&quot;,&quot;imageUrl&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ffc7fda4-8c58-472c-a068-406296d07579_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;imageWidth&quot;:3024,&quot;imageHeight&quot;:4032,&quot;explicit&quot;:false},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;d3065bb6-1ecc-43b6-94a2-46eae42ff3c7&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image&quot;,&quot;imageUrl&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0d29c00b-d1b5-481e-8a3f-48c0658b878b_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;imageWidth&quot;:3024,&quot;imageHeight&quot;:4032,&quot;explicit&quot;:false}],&quot;name&quot;:&quot;P&#261;&#537;&#347;&#236;&#243;&#328; P&#239;&#539;&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:326926523,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/52b47b14-c0af-45f4-9f64-5be1b4deec5c_1365x1365.jpeg&quot;,&quot;user_bestseller_tier&quot;:100,&quot;userStatus&quot;:{&quot;bestsellerTier&quot;:100,&quot;subscriberTier&quot;:10,&quot;leaderboard&quot;:{&quot;ranking&quot;:&quot;paid&quot;,&quot;rank&quot;:75,&quot;publicationName&quot;:&quot;P&#225;&#353;&#537;&#237;&#242;&#326; P&#303;&#357;&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Music&quot;,&quot;categoryId&quot;:&quot;11&quot;,&quot;publicationId&quot;:4433556},&quot;vip&quot;:false,&quot;badge&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;bestseller&quot;,&quot;tier&quot;:100},&quot;paidPublicationIds&quot;:[217239,3546642,5106560,3975200,1424933,4567570,3417380,37758,85126,2241584,4559901,2430112,1072242,2947147,5661900,50940,2574269,2614786,412790,501423,2152876,1653523,715042,1473560,5154211,1072642,2081986,4798422,61371,2704012,1377040,1076490,1594007,9538,1857301,4303049,4218057,3329605,3432417,2147322,652467,3100196,379609,1051619,355849,462385,3255931,1308018,3994863,4163057,1544821,654647,293991,1177739,3136816,744500,331576,295937,5536757,1355578,4095610,626678,221749,3310398,190653,2868526,3905884,717296,2852366,1679754,4293136,17167,5235291,65440,4899093,159185,800237,382420,84776,3184219,2664015,4622663,1694995,2337493,841616,4163578,2868791,866686,482856,3749556,1815472,6450649,1042,1207115,1622731,507641,585796,3009844,4125796,89120,3200420,391912,438197,2852713,2603114,411246,3537826,260347],&quot;subscriber&quot;:{&quot;publicationId&quot;:4163057,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Paid subscriber&quot;}}}}" data-component-name="CommentPlaceholder"></div><div class="comment" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://open.substack.com/home&quot;,&quot;commentId&quot;:164691041,&quot;comment&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:164691041,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2025-10-09T18:50:00.450Z&quot;,&quot;edited_at&quot;:null,&quot;body&quot;:&quot;What a lovely thing to get today - thank you so much Konstantinos !\n\nDo subscribe to @Studying History. \n\nLots of brilliant analysis on the ancient world - but reflections which are broader than that too. &quot;,&quot;body_json&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;doc&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;schemaVersion&quot;:&quot;v1&quot;},&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;,&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;What a lovely thing to get today - thank you so much Konstantinos !&quot;}]},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;,&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Do subscribe to &quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;substack_mention&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:218029278,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Studying History&quot;,&quot;mentionType&quot;:&quot;user&quot;}},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;. &quot;}]},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;,&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Lots of brilliant analysis on the ancient world - but reflections which are broader than that too. &quot;}]}]},&quot;restacks&quot;:1,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:1,&quot;attachments&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;a354bb19-a172-407d-b3c0-7b569b5fed89&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image&quot;,&quot;imageUrl&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/15a38cfa-f4d9-424a-9ef3-c312034ec148_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;imageWidth&quot;:3024,&quot;imageHeight&quot;:4032,&quot;explicit&quot;:false},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;d301d99e-8e36-498c-a5c2-e6354cc65904&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image&quot;,&quot;imageUrl&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6c73e2e2-d6cc-4767-8de4-8acd06fb0059_3024x4032.jpeg&quot;,&quot;imageWidth&quot;:3024,&quot;imageHeight&quot;:4032,&quot;explicit&quot;:false}],&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Joanna Milne &#127994;&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:213775496,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ade94e10-c60a-4f6e-9c56-6109740db714_460x458.jpeg&quot;,&quot;user_bestseller_tier&quot;:null,&quot;userStatus&quot;:{&quot;bestsellerTier&quot;:null,&quot;subscriberTier&quot;:1,&quot;leaderboard&quot;:null,&quot;vip&quot;:false,&quot;badge&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;subscriber&quot;,&quot;tier&quot;:1,&quot;accent_colors&quot;:null},&quot;paidPublicationIds&quot;:[474161],&quot;subscriber&quot;:null}}}" data-component-name="CommentPlaceholder"></div><p>Okay, you might say I sent out only five prints in total, so, big deal, but for me, it&#8217;s amazing that some appreciate what I write so much that they want to pay for it, and I needed to express my gratitude somehow. After all, the dream of those of us writing on Substack is to make a living from our writing, and the first step has been taken.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Back to the subject: I&#8217;m based in Greece, but I closely follow political developments worldwide, and admittedly, the United States among others, have provided plenty of material for commentary lately. So, I noticed several friends feeling uneasy about the election of the new Mayor of New York, Adrian Zohraan Mamdani&#65279;. In fact, I saw a few who were angry, mostly because none of the choices appealed to them, and not because of the mayor himself. Also, a few were reservedly optimistic. Fortunately, I have no friend fanatically supporting either side. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><p>Of course, I won&#8217;t personally comment on the new mayor except to wish him success in his new duties, as that is not the role I envision for this blog. But I think Constantine P. Cavafy would have something to say about these elections, about the discomfort some feel, and about all elections where people feel truly unrepresented by any of the candidates:</p><p><em><strong>To Have Taken the Trouble</strong></em></p><p><em>&#65279;I&#8217;m broke and practically homeless.</em></p><p><em>This fatal city, Antioch,</em></p><p><em>has devoured all my money:</em></p><p><em>this fatal city with its extravagant life.</em></p><p><em>But I&#8217;m young and in excellent health.</em></p><p><em>Prodigious master of things Greek,</em></p><p><em>I know Aristotle and Plato through and through,</em></p><p><em>poets, orators, or anyone else you could mention.</em></p><p><em>I have some idea about military matters</em></p><p><em>and friends among the senior mercenaries.</em></p><p><em>I also have a foot in the administrative world;</em></p><p><em>I spent six months in Alexandria last year:</em></p><p><em>I know (and this is useful) something about what goes on there&#8212;</em></p><p><em>the scheming of Kakergetis, his dirty deals, and the rest of it.</em></p><p><em>So I consider myself completely qualified</em></p><p><em>to serve this country,</em></p><p><em>my beloved fatherland, Syria.</em></p><p><em>Whatever job they give me,</em></p><p><em>I&#8217;ll try to be useful to the country. That&#8217;s my intention.</em></p><p><em>But if they frustrate me with their maneuvers&#8212;</em></p><p><em>we know them, those smart operators: no need to say more here&#8212;</em></p><p><em>If they frustrate me, it&#8217;s not my fault.</em></p><p><em>I&#8217;ll approach Zabinas first,</em></p><p><em>and if that idiot doesn&#8217;t appreciate me,</em></p><p><em>I&#8217;ll go to his rival, Grypos.</em></p><p><em>And if that imbecile doesn&#8217;t take me on,</em></p><p><em>I&#8217;ll go straight to Hyrkanos.</em></p><p><em>One of the three will want me anyway.</em></p><p><em>And my conscience is quiet</em></p><p><em>about my not caring which one I chose:</em></p><p><em>the three of them are equally bad for Syria.</em></p><p><em>But, a ruined man, it&#8217;s not my fault.</em></p><p><em>I&#8217;m only trying, poor devil, to make ends meet.</em></p><p><em>The almighty gods ought to have taken the trouble</em></p><p><em>to create a fourth, an honest man.</em></p><p><em>I would gladly have gone along with him. </em></p><p>&#65279;Reprinted from C.P. CAVAFY: Collected Poems Revised Edition, translated by Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherrard, edited by George Savidis. Princeton University Press.</p><p>The poem by Constantine P. Cavafy, despite being written in 1930, remains more vibrant and relevant than ever. It stands as one of his strongest political poems, uniquely depicting how the behavior of leaders influences citizens, leading them to a widespread indifference toward their homeland&#8217;s condition. The young protagonist, unnamed, hails from Hellenistic Antioch and enjoys to the fullest what his city offers. Yet now, he is desperately seeking a position within the government to make a living, clearly intending to continue living comfortably and in luxury. The young man reflects his era and its decline, as indifference and selfishness dominate the political and social scenes.</p><p>Rings a bell?</p><p>Cavafy has chosen, in his typical manner, an era of decline whose significance extends beyond the Seleucid realm and Syria. <code>The decline of the Seleucid Empire is mirrored both in its leaders and its citizens</code>. As the leaders of Syria care only about how to seize power, so too do the citizens focus solely on securing their own comfort, disregarding their country. </p><p>The poem&#8217;s hero is ready to work for the good of his homeland&#8212;but mainly for his own benefit&#8212;under whoever will accept him. He is willing to serve any of the three claimants to the Syrian throne, with a clear conscience, since he believes all three equally harm his country. The young man even preemptively claims innocence for his bold choice, noting that if there were a fourth candidate good for the homeland, he would surely join him. Hence, he wishes the gods had created such a fourth candidate so that he wouldn&#8217;t have to work for one of the corrupt claimants. Besides, he is qualified: educated in Greek culture, a former mercenary, and experienced in administrative duties under Ptolemy VI.</p><p>Some brief Hellenistic history for better understanding:</p><p><code>Antioch&#65279;</code>: The capital of the Seleucid Empire, founded by Macedonian general Seleucus I Nicator late in the 4th century BC in honor of his father Antiochus. Antioch now is in modern-day Turkey.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MXY6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe188fdce-b41a-4f1d-b1d0-242f49720d46_1280x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MXY6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe188fdce-b41a-4f1d-b1d0-242f49720d46_1280x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MXY6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe188fdce-b41a-4f1d-b1d0-242f49720d46_1280x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MXY6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe188fdce-b41a-4f1d-b1d0-242f49720d46_1280x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MXY6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe188fdce-b41a-4f1d-b1d0-242f49720d46_1280x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MXY6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe188fdce-b41a-4f1d-b1d0-242f49720d46_1280x720.jpeg" width="1280" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e188fdce-b41a-4f1d-b1d0-242f49720d46_1280x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:195797,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/178315775?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe188fdce-b41a-4f1d-b1d0-242f49720d46_1280x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MXY6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe188fdce-b41a-4f1d-b1d0-242f49720d46_1280x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MXY6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe188fdce-b41a-4f1d-b1d0-242f49720d46_1280x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MXY6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe188fdce-b41a-4f1d-b1d0-242f49720d46_1280x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MXY6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe188fdce-b41a-4f1d-b1d0-242f49720d46_1280x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><code>Kakergetis&#65279;</code>: A nickname for Ptolemy VI Philometor (nicknamed &#8220;the Fat&#8221;) (182&#8211;116 BC) of Egypt. Literally meaning &#8220;the evil-doer,&#8221; he was the eighth Pharaoh of the Ptolemaic dynasty (the fifteenth and last was Caesarion, the son of Cleopatra VII). He took power after the death of his brother Ptolemy V, while also marrying Ptolemy V&#8217;s widow and sister, Cleopatra II, and murdering his nephew. Subsequently, he married one of Cleopatra II&#8217;s two daughters, Cleopatra III, who was also his niece. In 131 BC, Cleopatra II started a rebellion against her husband and brother; in response, he killed their son Ptolemy Memphites, who was then 14 years old, dismembered him, and sent the pieces as a birthday gift to Cleopatra II. Despite this, Cleopatra II returned to Ptolemy VI in 124 BC and remained with him until his death in 116 BC.</p><p><code>Zabinas&#65279;</code>: Alexander II Zabinas (whose name means &#8220;the bought one&#8221;) was supported by Ptolemy VI as a pretender to the Seleucid Empire&#8217;s throne against Demetrius II Nicator (&#8220;the Winner&#8221;). He ruled parts of Syria from 128 BC but was defeated by Demetrius&#8217;s son Antiochus VIII Grypus. In desperation, Zabinas desecrated temples in Antioch and was eventually captured and executed in 123 BC.</p><p><code>Grypus&#65279;</code>: Antiochus VIII Grypus (&#8221;the hooked nose&#8221;) ruled the Seleucid Empire from 125 BC to 96 BC. He was the son of Demetrius II Nicator and Cleopatra Thea.</p><p><code>Hyrcanus&#65279;</code>: John Hyrcanus I (135&#8211;104 BC) was a religious and political leader of the Jews. Although defeated by Antiochus VII Sidetes, he allied with Alexander I Zabinas and managed to control parts of Syria. </p><p>Until the next stack, &#7956;&#961;&#961;&#969;&#963;&#952;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#949;&#8016;&#948;&#945;&#953;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#949;&#8150;&#964;&#949;.</p><p><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">About the author</a></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The series of <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/a-death-foretold">articles on Modern Greek History</a>, starting with the assassination of its first Governor Kapodistrias, is available exclusively to subscribers alongside general history content accessible to all. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Whether it&#8217;s just the price of a single frapp&#233; coffee or a book, every contribution matters. Donations help cover research, writing, and the resources needed to keep sharing my passion for uncovering the past and bringing history, archaeology, and culture to life.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work; Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work; Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><p></p><p></p><h6><strong>&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#964;&#959; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;</strong></h6><p>&#908;&#963;&#959;&#953; &#956;&#949; &#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#959;&#973;&#957; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#945;&#961;&#967;&#942; &#952;&#945; &#947;&#957;&#969;&#961;&#943;&#950;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#945;&#947;&#940;&#960;&#951; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#967;&#969; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#922;&#945;&#946;&#940;&#966;&#951;. </p><p>&#913;&#957;&#945;&#966;&#941;&#961;&#959;&#956;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#965;&#967;&#957;&#940; - &#960;&#965;&#954;&#957;&#940; &#963;&#900; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#972;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#953;&#942;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#940; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#964;&#945; Notes &#956;&#959;&#965;, &#949;&#957;&#974; &#948;&#973;&#959; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#953;&#962; &#960;&#961;&#974;&#964;&#949;&#962; &#949;&#961;&#947;&#945;&#963;&#943;&#949;&#962; &#956;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#964;&#951; &#963;&#967;&#959;&#955;&#942; &#956;&#959;&#965; &#945;&#966;&#959;&#961;&#959;&#973;&#963;&#945;&#957; &#963;&#8217; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#972;&#957;. </p><p>&#919; &#960;&#961;&#974;&#964;&#951;, &#942;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#956;&#943;&#945; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#943;&#955;&#951;&#968;&#951; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#973;&#955;&#951;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#956;&#945;&#952;&#942;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#913;&#961;&#967;&#945;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#921;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#914;&#900; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#967;&#961;&#972;&#957;&#953;&#945; &#956;&#949; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#956;&#945;&#957;&#948;&#973;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#967;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#945;&#963;&#956;&#959;&#973; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#959;&#953;&#942;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#962; &#931;&#964;&#945; 200 &#960;.&#935;. </p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;4d11c145-ea2e-42c3-94cf-8cfd9fe69944&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;*&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;lg&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;In the year 200 BC&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:218029278,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Studying History&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;\&quot;This is the display of inquiry, so that the deeds of men may not be forgotten by time.\&quot; Herodotus &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b99120af-d19d-4926-a1ef-60bdc7b43b7d_617x617.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2025-04-25T17:58:11.594Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fWq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7db03dac-ecef-4acb-b30b-d5da7f7c87b6_750x599.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/200bc&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:null,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:161955384,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:25,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:4163057,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Studying History&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shZC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d09400-f9b3-420f-982c-4da55b3b7c37_256x256.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p>&#919; &#948;&#949;&#973;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#951;, &#945;&#960;&#959;&#964;&#949;&#955;&#959;&#973;&#963;&#949; &#941;&#957;&#945;&#957; &#963;&#967;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#945;&#963;&#956;&#972; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#973;&#966;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#947;&#949;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#945;, &#945;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#949;&#953;&#948;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#959;&#953;&#942;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#949;&#957;&#941;&#960;&#957;&#949;&#965;&#963;&#949; &#964;&#959;&#957; Leonard Cohen &#957;&#945; &#947;&#961;&#940;&#968;&#949;&#953; &#941;&#957;&#945; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#945; &#960;&#953;&#959; &#972;&#956;&#959;&#961;&#966;&#945; &#964;&#961;&#945;&#947;&#959;&#973;&#948;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965;, &#964;&#959; Alexandria Leaving, &#964;&#959; &#913;&#960;&#959;&#955;&#949;&#943;&#960;&#949;&#953;&#957; &#959; &#920;&#949;&#972;&#962; &#913;&#957;&#964;&#974;&#957;&#953;&#959;&#957;. </p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;b7ff41b6-f240-461d-abe1-0695f2cff51a&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;When suddenly, at midnight, you hear an invisible procession going by with exquisite music, voices, don&#8217;t mourn your luck that&#8217;s failing now, work gone wrong, your plans all proving deceptive&#8212;don&#8217;t mourn them uselessly. As one long prepared, and graced with courage, say goodbye to her, the Alexandria that is leaving. Above &#8230;&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;lg&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;God abandons Antony&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:218029278,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Studying History&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;\&quot;This is the display of inquiry, so that the deeds of men may not be forgotten by time.\&quot; Herodotus &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b99120af-d19d-4926-a1ef-60bdc7b43b7d_617x617.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2025-06-07T22:36:49.118Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbea602fa-a5a7-411a-9282-5e26b6d9714d_500x336.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/god-abandons-antony&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:null,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:165429215,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:23,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:4163057,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Studying History&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shZC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78d09400-f9b3-420f-982c-4da55b3b7c37_256x256.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p>&#927; &#922;&#969;&#957;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#957;&#964;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#962; &#928;. &#922;&#945;&#946;&#940;&#966;&#951;&#962; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#959; &#960;&#959;&#953;&#951;&#964;&#942;&#962; - &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#962; - &#972;&#960;&#969;&#962; &#945;&#960;&#959;&#954;&#945;&#955;&#959;&#973;&#963;&#949; &#959; &#943;&#948;&#953;&#959;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#949;&#945;&#965;&#964;&#972; &#964;&#959;&#965; - &#960;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#954;&#945;&#957;&#945;&#957; &#947;&#957;&#969;&#963;&#964;&#972; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#954;&#972;&#963;&#956;&#959; &#945;&#961;&#967;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#959; &#963;&#965;&#947;&#947;&#961;&#945;&#966;&#941;&#945;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#954;&#961;&#953;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#962; &#955;&#959;&#947;&#959;&#964;&#949;&#967;&#957;&#943;&#945;&#962; E. M. Forster (&#916;&#969;&#956;&#940;&#964;&#953;&#959; &#956;&#949; &#920;&#941;&#945;)  &#954;&#945;&#953; &#959; &#960;&#959;&#953;&#951;&#964;&#942;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#954;&#961;&#953;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#962; &#955;&#959;&#947;&#959;&#964;&#949;&#967;&#957;&#943;&#945;&#962; T.S. Eliot (&#904;&#961;&#951;&#956;&#951; &#935;&#974;&#961;&#945;). &#928;&#953;&#959; &#947;&#957;&#969;&#963;&#964;&#972; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#959;&#943;&#951;&#956;&#945; &#943;&#963;&#969;&#962; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959; &#921;&#952;&#940;&#954;&#951;, &#956;&#949; &#964;&#959;&#957; Sir Sean Connery <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1n3n2Ox4Yfk">&#957;&#945; &#964;&#959; &#945;&#960;&#945;&#947;&#947;&#941;&#955;&#949;&#953; &#956;&#949; &#945;&#957;&#945;&#964;&#961;&#953;&#967;&#953;&#945;&#963;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#964;&#961;&#972;&#960;&#959;</a>. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>&#917;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#945; &#972;&#956;&#969;&#962; &#964;&#959; &#945;&#947;&#945;&#960;&#951;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#959; &#956;&#959;&#965; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959; <a href="https://www.onassis.org/el/initiatives/cavafy-archive/the-canon/thermopylae">&#920;&#949;&#961;&#956;&#959;&#960;&#973;&#955;&#949;&#962;</a>. &#915;&#953;&#8217; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#972; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#949;&#960;&#941;&#955;&#949;&#958;&#945; &#957;&#945; &#964;&#959; &#949;&#954;&#964;&#965;&#960;&#974;&#963;&#969; &#963;&#949; forex &#954;&#945;&#953; &#956;&#945;&#950;&#943; &#956;&#949; &#941;&#957;&#945; &#949;&#965;&#967;&#945;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#942;&#961;&#953;&#959; &#963;&#951;&#956;&#949;&#943;&#969;&#956;&#945; &#957;&#945; &#964;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#949;&#943;&#955;&#969; &#963;&#949; &#972;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; paid subscribers &#956;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#961;&#953;&#957; &#941;&#957;&#945;&#957; &#956;&#942;&#957;&#945;. &#917;&#957;&#964;&#940;&#958;&#949;&#953;, &#952;&#945; &#956;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#941;&#963;&#964;&#949;&#953;&#955;&#949;&#962; 5 &#949;&#954;&#964;&#965;&#960;&#974;&#963;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#972;&#955;&#949;&#962; &#954;&#953; &#972;&#955;&#949;&#962;, &#948;&#949;&#957; &#941;&#954;&#945;&#957;&#949;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#943;&#960;&#959;&#964;&#945;, &#945;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#956;&#941;&#957;&#945; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#949;&#954;&#960;&#955;&#951;&#954;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#965;&#960;&#940;&#961;&#967;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#954;&#940;&#960;&#959;&#953;&#959;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#949;&#954;&#964;&#953;&#956;&#959;&#973;&#957; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#940; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#947;&#961;&#940;&#966;&#969; &#964;&#972;&#963;&#959; &#974;&#963;&#964;&#949; &#957;&#945; &#952;&#941;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#957;&#945; &#960;&#955;&#951;&#961;&#974;&#963;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#947;&#953;&#8217; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#940;, &#947;&#953;&#8217; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#972; &#941;&#960;&#961;&#949;&#960;&#949; &#956;&#949; &#954;&#940;&#960;&#959;&#953;&#959;&#957; &#964;&#961;&#972;&#960;&#959; &#957;&#945; &#949;&#954;&#966;&#961;&#940;&#963;&#969; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#965;&#947;&#957;&#969;&#956;&#959;&#963;&#973;&#957;&#951; &#956;&#959;&#965;. &#932;&#959; &#972;&#957;&#949;&#953;&#961;&#959; &#972;&#963;&#969;&#957; &#947;&#961;&#940;&#966;&#959;&#965;&#956;&#949; &#963;&#964;&#959; Substack &#940;&#955;&#955;&#969;&#963;&#964;&#949;, &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#957;&#945; &#950;&#959;&#973;&#956;&#949; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#945; &#947;&#961;&#945;&#960;&#964;&#940; &#956;&#945;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959; &#960;&#961;&#974;&#964;&#959; &#946;&#942;&#956;&#945; &#941;&#967;&#949;&#953; &#947;&#943;&#957;&#949;&#953;.  </p><div class="comment" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://open.substack.com/home&quot;,&quot;commentId&quot;:170944730,&quot;comment&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:170944730,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2025-10-28T06:56:37.504Z&quot;,&quot;edited_at&quot;:null,&quot;body&quot;:&quot;@Studying History a kinder gift from a fellow Greek I&#8217;ve yet to receive. Don&#8217;t make me cry, man. \n\n&#127468;&#127479;, the most abused country in the EU, the most vital to ancient history, where I wish to bring my father @Panagiotis Angelakos and my mother, and at some point my wife and hopefully my family. Where I believe I will be treated as a human, not a damaged piece of meat on the way to a gas chamber. \n\nI love you, Konstantinos -- my brother\n\n&#950;&#942;&#964;&#969; &#951; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#948;&#945; &quot;,&quot;body_json&quot;:{&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;schemaVersion&quot;:&quot;v1&quot;},&quot;type&quot;:&quot;doc&quot;,&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Studying History&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:218029278,&quot;mentionType&quot;:&quot;user&quot;},&quot;type&quot;:&quot;substack_mention&quot;},{&quot;text&quot;:&quot; a kinder gift from a fellow Greek I&#8217;ve yet to receive. Don&#8217;t make me cry, man. &quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;}],&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;},{&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&#127468;&#127479;, the most abused country in the EU, the most vital to ancient history, where I wish to bring my father &quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;substack_mention&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:61632846,&quot;mentionType&quot;:&quot;user&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Panagiotis Angelakos&quot;}},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot; and my mother, and at some point my wife and hopefully my family. Where I believe I will be treated as a human, not a damaged piece of meat on the way to a gas chamber. &quot;}],&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;},{&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;I love you, Konstantinos -- my brother&quot;}],&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;},{&quot;content&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&#950;&#942;&#964;&#969; &#951; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#948;&#945; &quot;,&quot;marks&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;bold&quot;}]}],&quot;type&quot;:&quot;paragraph&quot;}]},&quot;restacks&quot;:1,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:4,&quot;attachments&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;33f8b66a-98f3-4117-845e-62c6a5601cea&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image&quot;,&quot;imageUrl&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ffc7fda4-8c58-472c-a068-406296d07579_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;imageWidth&quot;:3024,&quot;imageHeight&quot;:4032,&quot;explicit&quot;:false},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;d3065bb6-1ecc-43b6-94a2-46eae42ff3c7&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image&quot;,&quot;imageUrl&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0d29c00b-d1b5-481e-8a3f-48c0658b878b_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;imageWidth&quot;:3024,&quot;imageHeight&quot;:4032,&quot;explicit&quot;:false}],&quot;name&quot;:&quot;P&#261;&#537;&#347;&#236;&#243;&#328; P&#239;&#539;&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:326926523,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/52b47b14-c0af-45f4-9f64-5be1b4deec5c_1365x1365.jpeg&quot;,&quot;user_bestseller_tier&quot;:100,&quot;userStatus&quot;:{&quot;bestsellerTier&quot;:100,&quot;subscriberTier&quot;:10,&quot;leaderboard&quot;:{&quot;ranking&quot;:&quot;paid&quot;,&quot;rank&quot;:75,&quot;publicationName&quot;:&quot;P&#225;&#353;&#537;&#237;&#242;&#326; P&#303;&#357;&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Music&quot;,&quot;categoryId&quot;:&quot;11&quot;,&quot;publicationId&quot;:4433556},&quot;vip&quot;:false,&quot;badge&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;bestseller&quot;,&quot;tier&quot;:100},&quot;paidPublicationIds&quot;:[217239,3546642,5106560,3975200,1424933,4567570,3417380,37758,85126,2241584,4559901,2430112,1072242,2947147,5661900,50940,2574269,2614786,412790,501423,2152876,1653523,715042,1473560,5154211,1072642,2081986,4798422,61371,2704012,1377040,1076490,1594007,9538,1857301,4303049,4218057,3329605,3432417,2147322,652467,3100196,379609,1051619,355849,462385,3255931,1308018,3994863,4163057,1544821,654647,293991,1177739,3136816,744500,331576,295937,5536757,1355578,4095610,626678,221749,3310398,190653,2868526,3905884,717296,2852366,1679754,4293136,17167,5235291,65440,4899093,159185,800237,382420,84776,3184219,2664015,4622663,1694995,2337493,841616,4163578,2868791,866686,482856,3749556,1815472,6450649,1042,1207115,1622731,507641,585796,3009844,4125796,89120,3200420,391912,438197,2852713,2603114,411246,3537826,260347],&quot;subscriber&quot;:{&quot;publicationId&quot;:4163057,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Paid subscriber&quot;}}}}" data-component-name="CommentPlaceholder"></div><p>&#931;&#964;&#959; &#952;&#941;&#956;&#945; &#956;&#945;&#962; &#972;&#956;&#969;&#962; &#964;&#974;&#961;&#945;. &#913;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#954;&#940;&#964;&#959;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#962; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#948;&#945;&#962; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#974; &#956;&#949; &#956;&#949;&#947;&#940;&#955;&#959; &#949;&#957;&#948;&#953;&#945;&#966;&#941;&#961;&#959;&#957; &#964;&#953;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#941;&#962; &#949;&#958;&#949;&#955;&#943;&#958;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#963;&#949; &#972;&#955;&#959;&#957; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#954;&#972;&#963;&#956;&#959; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#959;&#956;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#947;&#959;&#965;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#969;&#962; &#959;&#953; &#919;.&#928;.&#913;. &#956;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#958;&#973; &#940;&#955;&#955;&#969;&#957; &#941;&#967;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#948;&#974;&#963;&#949; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#973; &#8220;&#968;&#969;&#956;&#943;&#8221; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#963;&#967;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#945;&#963;&#956;&#972; 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coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><p>&#916;&#949;&#957; &#952;&#945; &#956;&#960;&#969; &#966;&#965;&#963;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#963;&#964;&#951; &#948;&#953;&#945;&#948;&#953;&#954;&#945;&#963;&#943;&#945; &#957;&#945; &#963;&#967;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#940;&#963;&#969; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#963;&#969;&#960;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#957;&#941;&#959; &#916;&#942;&#956;&#945;&#961;&#967;&#959; &#949;&#954;&#964;&#972;&#962; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#959; &#957;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#949;&#965;&#967;&#951;&#952;&#974; &#954;&#945;&#955;&#942; &#949;&#960;&#953;&#964;&#965;&#967;&#943;&#945; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#957;&#941;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#945;&#952;&#942;&#954;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;, &#954;&#945;&#952;&#974;&#962; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; 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&#915;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#972;. &#913;&#960;&#949;&#955;&#960;&#953;&#963;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#959;&#962; &#959; &#913;&#955;&#941;&#958;&#945;&#957;&#948;&#961;&#959;&#962; &#963;&#973;&#955;&#951;&#963;&#949; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#957;&#945;&#959;&#973;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#960;&#961;&#969;&#964;&#949;&#973;&#959;&#965;&#963;&#945;&#962; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#931;&#949;&#955;&#949;&#965;&#954;&#953;&#948;&#974;&#957;, &#964;&#951;&#962; &#913;&#957;&#964;&#953;&#972;&#967;&#949;&#953;&#945;&#962;. &#924;&#953;&#945; &#945;&#966;&#942;&#947;&#951;&#963;&#951; &#945;&#957;&#945;&#966;&#941;&#961;&#949;&#953; &#960;&#969;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#952;&#974;&#962; &#941;&#955;&#953;&#969;&#957;&#949; &#941;&#957;&#945;</p><p>&#940;&#947;&#945;&#955;&#956;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#952;&#949;&#972;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#945;&#962; &#925;&#943;&#954;&#951;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#973;&#963;&#949; &#963;&#964;&#959; &#967;&#941;&#961;&#953; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#957;&#945; 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&#954;&#945;&#953; &#949;&#954;&#964;&#949;&#955;&#941;&#963;&#964;&#951;&#954;&#949; &#964;&#959; 123 &#960;.&#935;.</p><p><code>&#915;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#972;&#962;</code>: &#927; &#913;&#957;&#964;&#943;&#959;&#967;&#959;&#962; &#919;&#900; &#959; &#915;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#972;&#962; (&#945;&#965;&#964;&#972;&#962; &#948;&#951;&#955;&#945;&#948;&#942; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#967;&#949;&#953; &#947;&#945;&#956;&#968;&#942; &#956;&#973;&#964;&#951;) &#965;&#960;&#942;&#961;&#958;&#949; &#951;&#947;&#949;&#956;&#972;&#957;&#945;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#913;&#965;&#964;&#959;&#954;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#931;&#949;&#955;&#949;&#965;&#954;&#953;&#948;&#974;&#957; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#959; 125 &#960;.&#935;. &#941;&#969;&#962; &#964;&#959; 96 &#960;.&#935;. &#942;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#947;&#953;&#959;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#916;&#951;&#956;&#942;&#964;&#961;&#953;&#959;&#965; &#914;&#900; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#925;&#953;&#954;&#940;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#922;&#955;&#949;&#959;&#960;&#940;&#964;&#961;&#945;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#920;&#949;&#940;&#962;.</p><p><code>&#933;&#961;&#954;&#945;&#957;&#972;&#962;</code>: &#927; &#921;&#969;&#940;&#957;&#957;&#951;&#962; &#933;&#961;&#954;&#945;&#957;&#972;&#962; &#913;&#900; (135-104 &#960;.&#935;.) &#965;&#960;&#942;&#961;&#958;&#949; &#952;&#961;&#951;&#963;&#954;&#949;&#965;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#962; &#949;&#960;&#953;&#954;&#949;&#966;&#945;&#955;&#942;&#962; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#921;&#959;&#965;&#948;&#945;&#943;&#969;&#957;, &#945;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#951;&#964;&#964;&#942;&#952;&#951;&#954;&#949; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#913;&#957;&#964;&#943;&#959;&#967;&#959; &#918;&#900; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#931;&#953;&#948;&#942;&#964;&#951;, &#963;&#965;&#957;&#949;&#961;&#947;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#951;&#954;&#949; &#956;&#949; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#913;&#955;&#941;&#958;&#945;&#957;&#948;&#961;&#959; &#913;&#900; &#918;&#945;&#946;&#943;&#957;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#972;&#961;&#952;&#969;&#963;&#949; &#957;&#945; &#960;&#940;&#961;&#949;&#953; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#941;&#955;&#949;&#947;&#967;&#959; &#945;&#961;&#954;&#949;&#964;&#974;&#957; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#959;&#967;&#974;&#957; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#931;&#965;&#961;&#943;&#945;&#962;.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/to-have-taken-the-trouble-new-york-mayor-elections?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/to-have-taken-the-trouble-new-york-mayor-elections?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><p><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">About the author</a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Good, the Bad and the Ugly invader ]]></title><description><![CDATA[History from the Invader's Perspective]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-invader</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-invader</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 28 Oct 2025 22:46:12 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb3f649b-1318-4480-be3a-015dbf70d05f_800x740.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Upgrade your subscription and gain access to exclusive content, personalised gifts and the joy to help me spread my passion for history, archaeology and culture. To support my work, consider becoming a paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong> A brief  historical  overview</strong></p><h6>&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;</h6><p>Greece entered World War II with the invasion of Italian troops in Epirus from Albania on October 28, 1940. The Greeks not only managed to hold back the Italians but also pushed them deep into Albania (<a href="https://substack.com/@studyinghistory/note/c-171037583?">one of the reasons Greece celebrates the beginning of WWII, not the end of it</a>) until April 1941, when the Germans invaded from the north after conquering Yugoslavia in a few days and while preparing for the large offensive against the Soviet Union.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dtz1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e158c18-c002-4365-8729-771e26c47af1_661x363.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dtz1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e158c18-c002-4365-8729-771e26c47af1_661x363.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dtz1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e158c18-c002-4365-8729-771e26c47af1_661x363.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dtz1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e158c18-c002-4365-8729-771e26c47af1_661x363.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dtz1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e158c18-c002-4365-8729-771e26c47af1_661x363.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dtz1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e158c18-c002-4365-8729-771e26c47af1_661x363.png" width="661" height="363" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9e158c18-c002-4365-8729-771e26c47af1_661x363.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:363,&quot;width&quot;:661,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:614789,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/177414858?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e158c18-c002-4365-8729-771e26c47af1_661x363.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dtz1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e158c18-c002-4365-8729-771e26c47af1_661x363.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dtz1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e158c18-c002-4365-8729-771e26c47af1_661x363.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dtz1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e158c18-c002-4365-8729-771e26c47af1_661x363.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dtz1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e158c18-c002-4365-8729-771e26c47af1_661x363.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Italians parading in Athens in 1941</figcaption></figure></div><p>On April 27, 1941, German troops entered Athens, accompanied by parades and ceremonies during which the Germans announced their victory. Contemporary sources report that Italians also participated in these parades, wishing to march as victors despite their defeat in Albania. It is said that the Germans were hesitant about this idea as they did not want to provoke the Greeks, whose fighting spirit they had previously praised, but they eventually yielded to Italian pressure, though they could not avoid sarcastic remarks about their allies. Later in the same year, the Italians  held a more formal military parade.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work; Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work; Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><p>The Germans subsequently maintained control over Greece&#8217;s most strategically important areas, including Athens, Thessaloniki, and much of Crete, while the rest of the country was divided into control zones by Germany&#8217;s Axis allies: Italy and Bulgaria. Italy controlled most of mainland Greece, Bulgaria controlled eastern Macedonia and Thrace&#8212;territories it had long sought since the Balkan Wars of 1912/13. At the same time, a collaborationist occupation government composed of Greeks cooperating with the Germans was established. It is worth noting, something not widely known, that the Bulgarian occupation included efforts to Bulgarize the areas they controlled, with changes to store signs in Bulgarian, teaching only the bulgarian language in schools, and other measures. The Bulgarian measures were so harsh that many Greeks from Macedonia and Thrace, considering the Germans more &#8220;lenient,&#8221; migrated to the German-controlled zone around Thessaloniki, surely making the Bulgarians the ugly of our title.</p><p>After the Italian surrender in September 1943, historiography focused on the numerous Nazi crimes. Books and films like &#8220;<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0238112">Captain Corelli&#8217;s Mandolin</a>,&#8221; featuring the Italian Captain Nicholas Cage who falls in love with a virtuous Greek girl Penelope Cruz, until the surrender pits them against the Germans, perpetuated the myth of the &#8220;good Italian.&#8221; However, the truth is that the Italians in Greece between 1941-1943 committed numerous atrocities including executions of civilians in retaliation for resistance activities, torture, confiscations of property, looting, and rapes. In parts of mainland Greece and the islands, civilians, including elderly and women with children, were executed en masse, and there were cases of harsh executions of prisoners and partisans. They also looted churches and archaeological sites and destroyed villages supporting the resistance.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b5d5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1cb9be0f-e049-45fc-8d2b-a5e3e92bfcc8_3582x2398.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b5d5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1cb9be0f-e049-45fc-8d2b-a5e3e92bfcc8_3582x2398.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b5d5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1cb9be0f-e049-45fc-8d2b-a5e3e92bfcc8_3582x2398.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b5d5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1cb9be0f-e049-45fc-8d2b-a5e3e92bfcc8_3582x2398.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b5d5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1cb9be0f-e049-45fc-8d2b-a5e3e92bfcc8_3582x2398.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b5d5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1cb9be0f-e049-45fc-8d2b-a5e3e92bfcc8_3582x2398.jpeg" width="1456" height="975" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1cb9be0f-e049-45fc-8d2b-a5e3e92bfcc8_3582x2398.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:975,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1506777,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/177414858?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1cb9be0f-e049-45fc-8d2b-a5e3e92bfcc8_3582x2398.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b5d5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1cb9be0f-e049-45fc-8d2b-a5e3e92bfcc8_3582x2398.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b5d5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1cb9be0f-e049-45fc-8d2b-a5e3e92bfcc8_3582x2398.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b5d5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1cb9be0f-e049-45fc-8d2b-a5e3e92bfcc8_3582x2398.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b5d5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1cb9be0f-e049-45fc-8d2b-a5e3e92bfcc8_3582x2398.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Antisamos beach in Kefalonia, where the movie &#8220;Captain Corelli&#8217;s Mandolin was filmed&#8221;</figcaption></figure></div><p>Things changed for the Italians after their surrender in September 1943. German forces treated them as enemies and violently sought to disarm and capture them. Many Italian units surrendered, but two divisions&#8212;the Pinerolo Division in Thessaly and especially the Acqui Division in Kefalonia (the division of Captain Corelli)&#8212;resisted. After their surrender, a mass massacre of Italian soldiers by the Germans began, following the drowning of about 3,000 when German ships transporting them to concentration camps were sunk by Allied submarines. An interesting note is that some Italians&#8212;few but not insignificant in number&#8212;joined the Greek resistance groups they had previously fought against in an effort to escape the Germans.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6O2q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b4f1629-de2f-4147-ad45-0c7ca460a57d_1024x784.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6O2q!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b4f1629-de2f-4147-ad45-0c7ca460a57d_1024x784.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6O2q!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b4f1629-de2f-4147-ad45-0c7ca460a57d_1024x784.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6O2q!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b4f1629-de2f-4147-ad45-0c7ca460a57d_1024x784.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6O2q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b4f1629-de2f-4147-ad45-0c7ca460a57d_1024x784.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6O2q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b4f1629-de2f-4147-ad45-0c7ca460a57d_1024x784.jpeg" width="1024" height="784" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2b4f1629-de2f-4147-ad45-0c7ca460a57d_1024x784.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:784,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:229995,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/177414858?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b4f1629-de2f-4147-ad45-0c7ca460a57d_1024x784.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6O2q!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b4f1629-de2f-4147-ad45-0c7ca460a57d_1024x784.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6O2q!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b4f1629-de2f-4147-ad45-0c7ca460a57d_1024x784.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6O2q!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b4f1629-de2f-4147-ad45-0c7ca460a57d_1024x784.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6O2q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b4f1629-de2f-4147-ad45-0c7ca460a57d_1024x784.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Men and women of ELAS&#8212;the communist partizans&#8212;in the Greek mountains </figcaption></figure></div><p><strong>The invader&#8217;s perspective: </strong></p><p>Also of interest is the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/676145162460813/permalink/31959468513701736/?rdid=nFVsR7riQcEmNlcg#">testimony of an Italian descendant of one of the soldiers of the Pinerolo Division</a>:</p><p>&#8220;My maternal grandfather, Francesco Colabella (Second from left in the second row) and his comrades in the Royal Italian Army. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb3f649b-1318-4480-be3a-015dbf70d05f_800x740.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb3f649b-1318-4480-be3a-015dbf70d05f_800x740.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb3f649b-1318-4480-be3a-015dbf70d05f_800x740.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb3f649b-1318-4480-be3a-015dbf70d05f_800x740.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb3f649b-1318-4480-be3a-015dbf70d05f_800x740.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb3f649b-1318-4480-be3a-015dbf70d05f_800x740.jpeg" width="800" height="740" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cb3f649b-1318-4480-be3a-015dbf70d05f_800x740.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:740,&quot;width&quot;:800,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:80686,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/177414858?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb3f649b-1318-4480-be3a-015dbf70d05f_800x740.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb3f649b-1318-4480-be3a-015dbf70d05f_800x740.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb3f649b-1318-4480-be3a-015dbf70d05f_800x740.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb3f649b-1318-4480-be3a-015dbf70d05f_800x740.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfhX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb3f649b-1318-4480-be3a-015dbf70d05f_800x740.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>As a private during World War II, my grandfather saw combat as a field artillery gunner in Albania and Greece with the 2nd Battalion, 18th Gran Sasso Artillery Regiment of the 24th Pinerolo Infantry Division. When Italy signed an armistice with the Allies in September 1943, the Pinerolo Division refused repeated German demands to surrender, volunteering to fight against them alongside the partisans of the Greek People&#8217;s Liberation Army (Ellinik&#243;s La&#239;k&#243;s Apeleftherotik&#243;s Strat&#243;s, ELAS) in the defense of Larissa and then in the Pindus Mountains, an alliance between the two factions made possible by members of the Greek Mission of the British Special Operations Executive.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>When the Germans completely surrounded them in mid-October 1943, the ELAS partisans turned on the Pinerolo Division, which they felt had not fought hard enough against the Germans, especially after they failed to take the German airfield at Larissa the previous month, they captured most of the Pinerolo Division, used their prisoners for slave labor and then shot them. The SOE never forgave ELAS for its treachery and ceased its support for the communist Greek resistance group, leaving its partisans to fight the Germans on their own. Those soldiers of the Pinerolo Division who escaped this fate, my grandfather among them, defended themselves and their fellow soldiers, fighting in separate companies against the ELAS partisans as they withdrew from their positions, dug in elsewhere in the Pindus Mountains and continued to fight against the Germans until their positions were overrun and they were captured.</p><p>My grandfather was taken to L&#252;beck, Germany, where he was stripped of his rights as a POW under the Geneva and Hague Conventions and branded an Italian Military Internee, starved, forced into slave labor as a porter in a foundry and later registered by the Nazis as a civilian worker to deny him the protection of the Red Cross. To survive, he and his fellow POWs took turns sneaking out of their POW camp nightly to scrounge for potato skins in the garbage put out by residents nearby. This carried the risk of being shot by the camp guards, the SS, the SD or the Gestapo if any POWs were caught. Their survival, however, including that of my grandfather, depended upon the assumption of this risk. He was finally liberated by the British 11th Armoured Division at 1 PM on May 2, 1945, just three hours ahead of the Soviet advance. His ordeal lasted 19 months and was followed by four more months of convalescence under the care of his liberators before he finally returned to Italy on September 8, 1945.&#8221;</p><p>Until the next stack, &#7952;&#961;&#961;&#8182;&#963;&#952;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#949;&#8016;&#948;&#945;&#953;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#949;&#8150;&#964;&#949;.</p><p><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">About the author</a></p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-invader?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Remember that sharing is caring!</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-invader?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-invader?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The series of <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/a-death-foretold">articles on Modern Greek History</a>, starting with the assassination of its first Governor Kapodistrias, is available exclusively to subscribers alongside general history content accessible to all. 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Donations help cover research, writing, and the resources needed to keep sharing my passion for uncovering the past and bringing history, archaeology, and culture to life. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work; Buy me a frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work; Buy me a frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><p></p><h6>&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;</h6><h3>O &#954;&#945;&#955;&#972;&#962;, &#959; &#954;&#945;&#954;&#972;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#959; &#940;&#963;&#967;&#951;&#956;&#959;&#962; &#949;&#953;&#963;&#946;&#959;&#955;&#941;&#945;&#962;</h3><p>H &#921;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#943;&#945; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#955;&#949;&#965;&#961;&#940; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#945;&#954;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#942;</p><p><strong>&#924;&#953;&#945; &#956;&#953;&#954;&#961;&#942; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#945;&#957;&#945;&#948;&#961;&#959;&#956;&#942;</strong></p><p>&#919; &#917;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#948;&#945; &#949;&#953;&#963;&#942;&#955;&#952;&#949; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#914;&#900;&#928;.&#928;. &#956;&#949; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#953;&#963;&#946;&#959;&#955;&#942; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#953;&#964;&#945;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#974;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#949;&#965;&#956;&#940;&#964;&#969;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#905;&#960;&#949;&#953;&#961;&#959; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#913;&#955;&#946;&#945;&#957;&#943;&#945;, &#964;&#951;&#957; 28&#951; &#927;&#954;&#964;&#969;&#946;&#961;&#943;&#959;&#965; 1940. &#927;&#953; 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" 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&#954;&#945;&#964;&#941;&#963;&#964;&#961;&#949;&#968;&#945;&#957; &#967;&#969;&#961;&#953;&#940; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#965;&#960;&#959;&#963;&#964;&#942;&#961;&#953;&#950;&#945;&#957; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#945;&#957;&#964;&#940;&#961;&#964;&#949;&#962;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LMVb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa09639a0-3cbb-48ab-a51b-5a3c17cd441a_3582x2398.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LMVb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa09639a0-3cbb-48ab-a51b-5a3c17cd441a_3582x2398.jpeg 424w, 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" 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&#946;&#961;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942; 11&#951; &#924;&#949;&#961;&#945;&#961;&#967;&#943;&#945; &#932;&#949;&#952;&#969;&#961;&#945;&#954;&#953;&#963;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#969;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#953;&#962; 2 &#924;&#945;&#912;&#959;&#965; 1945, &#964;&#961;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#974;&#961;&#949;&#962; &#960;&#961;&#953;&#957; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#941;&#955;&#945;&#963;&#951; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#931;&#959;&#946;&#953;&#949;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#974;&#957;. &#919; &#948;&#959;&#954;&#953;&#956;&#945;&#963;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#945;&#960;&#960;&#959;&#973; &#956;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#961;&#940;&#964;&#951;&#963;&#949; 19 &#956;&#942;&#957;&#949;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#973;&#952;&#951;&#963;&#945;&#957; &#964;&#941;&#963;&#963;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#962; &#956;&#942;&#957;&#949;&#962; &#945;&#957;&#940;&#961;&#961;&#969;&#963;&#951;&#962; &#965;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#951; &#966;&#961;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#943;&#948;&#945; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#945;&#960;&#949;&#955;&#949;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#961;&#969;&#964;&#974;&#957; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#961;&#953;&#957; &#949;&#960;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#961;&#941;&#968;&#949;&#953; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#921;&#964;&#945;&#955;&#943;&#945; &#963;&#964;&#953;&#962; 8 &#931;&#949;&#960;&#964;&#949;&#956;&#946;&#961;&#943;&#959;&#965; 1945.&#8221;</p><p></p><p>&#924;&#941;&#967;&#961;&#953; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#960;&#972;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#951; &#966;&#959;&#961;&#940;, &#7952;&#961;&#961;&#8182;&#963;&#952;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#949;&#8016;&#948;&#945;&#953;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#949;&#8150;&#964;&#949;.</p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-invader?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading! Remember, sharing is caring!</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-invader?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-invader?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work; Buy me a frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work; Buy me a frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Assassination of a Nation’s Hope]]></title><description><![CDATA[How Greece lost the opportunity to become an independent, modern European state.]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-assassination-of-a-nations-hope</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/the-assassination-of-a-nations-hope</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 19 Oct 2025 22:35:49 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n7UE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb20aa1d4-80b4-4928-acef-b4869ea26faf_960x600.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Part 4 - Kapodistrias&#8217; Final Hours</strong></p><p>You can read <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/giovanni-antonio-vittori-capodistria">Part 3</a> &#8211; The man who became a legend, <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/giovanni-antonio-vittori-capodistria">here</a>.</p><h6>&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;</h6><p>It was a sunny Sunday morning.</p><p>Dawn had just broken, yet the Governor was already ready to set out for Saint Spyridon. As he awaited the ringing of the church bells, he listened to the sounds of the city of Nafplio&#65279;, which still seemed asleep: the lazy cries of the seagulls flying over the rooftops, the splash of the waves breaking on the harbor, and the wind making the leaves rustle and the narrow alleys whistle.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R60N!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda66eba3-d3a0-44c8-907f-2e249143ced4_960x600.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R60N!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda66eba3-d3a0-44c8-907f-2e249143ced4_960x600.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R60N!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda66eba3-d3a0-44c8-907f-2e249143ced4_960x600.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R60N!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda66eba3-d3a0-44c8-907f-2e249143ced4_960x600.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R60N!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda66eba3-d3a0-44c8-907f-2e249143ced4_960x600.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R60N!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda66eba3-d3a0-44c8-907f-2e249143ced4_960x600.jpeg" width="960" height="600" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/da66eba3-d3a0-44c8-907f-2e249143ced4_960x600.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:600,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:144799,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/176593156?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda66eba3-d3a0-44c8-907f-2e249143ced4_960x600.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R60N!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda66eba3-d3a0-44c8-907f-2e249143ced4_960x600.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R60N!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda66eba3-d3a0-44c8-907f-2e249143ced4_960x600.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R60N!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda66eba3-d3a0-44c8-907f-2e249143ced4_960x600.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R60N!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda66eba3-d3a0-44c8-907f-2e249143ced4_960x600.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The historical center of modern Nafplio </figcaption></figure></div><p>It truly was a beautiful day.</p><p>Naturally, he had woken long before the sun had bestowed its light upon the land of Argolis. When he rose, Nikoletos&#65279;, his faithful servant, had already brought warm water and soap for shaving and had prepared his white shirt, his fine deep-blue frock coat, and the white trousers.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Indeed, Nikoletos&#65279; was loyal to him. After the revelation of the conspiracy in August, just weeks earlier, and after the Governor&#8217;s magnanimity, Nikoletos looked at him with the devotion of a puppy. He was the first to wake and the last to sleep, always standing ready to provide for the Governor&#8217;s every need, even before he asked, not merely out of duty but from genuine affection. He truly loved the Governor, whom he called father and master. </p><p>It was a few days after the uprising of Andreas Miaoulis, the admiral from Hydra who fought so bravely during the Greek War of Independence, when the shipowners from Hydra approached Nikoletos. In the height of summer, Miaoulis had captured the naval base at Poros and proclaimed himself commander, aiming to stop the fleet from moving toward Mani and aiding the regular army against the rebellious Maniots&#8212;rebellious once again. The Maniots had risen up the previous year against the government, led by Tzanis Mavromichalis, brother of Petrobey Mavromichalis. The latter tried to escape to Zakynthos but was captured and imprisoned in Nafplio.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work; Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work; Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><p>When the ships of the Great Powers hurried to Poros to suppress the uprising, Miaoulis blew up the Greek fleet, including its flagship, the frigate &#8220;Hellas,&#8221; which had been bought from the Americans only two years earlier with the first loans of the newly formed Greek state. Yet, the next day Kapodistrias declared that if the hostile actions stopped, &#8220;<em>the government is ready to forget past grievances for their sake.</em>&#8221; Nevertheless, it very hard for him to understand what it meant to belong to those families who have shed so much blood and given so much for the Revolution. </p><p>However, the Hydriots had other plans. After failing at Poros, they gave Nikoletos 25,000 coins to poison Kapodistrias. Wracked with guilt, Nikoletos confessed the plot to the Governor. And what did the Governor do? He let Nikoletos keep the money and continued to employ him.</p><p>One day, the town crier of Nafplio warned him, &#8220;<em>Barba-Yanni, be careful or they <strong>will</strong> kill you.</em>&#8221; Strangely, even the British vice-consul advised him to be cautious because his life was at risk. This was peculiar because the British, in particular, had become almost hostile toward Kapodistrias&#8217;s government, as they saw the fledgling state falling increasingly into the embrace of the Tsar.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!biCY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F807c5f77-c041-476d-a0fe-10c3aff53df5_800x902.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!biCY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F807c5f77-c041-476d-a0fe-10c3aff53df5_800x902.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!biCY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F807c5f77-c041-476d-a0fe-10c3aff53df5_800x902.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!biCY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F807c5f77-c041-476d-a0fe-10c3aff53df5_800x902.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!biCY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F807c5f77-c041-476d-a0fe-10c3aff53df5_800x902.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!biCY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F807c5f77-c041-476d-a0fe-10c3aff53df5_800x902.jpeg" width="800" height="902" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/807c5f77-c041-476d-a0fe-10c3aff53df5_800x902.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:902,&quot;width&quot;:800,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:172089,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/176593156?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffdddd376-071b-4e3f-badd-459816677458_800x1120.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!biCY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F807c5f77-c041-476d-a0fe-10c3aff53df5_800x902.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!biCY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F807c5f77-c041-476d-a0fe-10c3aff53df5_800x902.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!biCY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F807c5f77-c041-476d-a0fe-10c3aff53df5_800x902.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!biCY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F807c5f77-c041-476d-a0fe-10c3aff53df5_800x902.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Nicholas I, Emperor of all Russia, portrait By Franz Kr&#252;ger - <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia#/media/File:Franz_Kr&#252;ger_-_Portr&#228;t_Nikolaus_I._von_Russland.jpg">Sotheby&#8217;s, London</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Although Kapodistrias tried to maintain a neutral stance among the Great Powers, once Nicholas succeeded Alexander on the throne, Russia remained the only power openly supporting the Greek cause, demonstrating its support in practice. Austria, due to Metternich, openly favored the Ottomans, while France, although grateful to Kapodistrias for his diplomatic work after the Napoleonic Wars alongside Tsar Alexander, tended to side with the British. The British were already preparing the next steps by seeking the first king of the newly formed state in European courts before Kapodistrias&#8217; seven-year constitutional term ended.</p><p>Just the previous morning, the Governor received a copy of the London Courier newspaper featuring fierce criticism and harsh attacks against him. He paid no attention, once again focused on his one goal: the rebirth of Greece, which he would never achieve if he stopped to throw stones at every dog that barked.</p><p>As Kapodistrias shaved with the still warm water brought by his loyal servant, he recalled the hardships of the past years. &#8220;I have seen much in my life, but nothing like the sight when I arrived in the island of Aegina, may no one ever see the like,&#8221; he had said shortly after arriving in Greece in January 1828. The situation was that tragic after seven years of continuous war.</p><p>In 1821, the Greeks seized upon the Ottoman army&#8217;s preoccupation with suppressing Ali Pasha&#8217;s rebellion in Epirus and the Moldavia-Wallachia uprising led by Alexander Ypsilantis. Ypsilantis had called for the Balkan peoples to rise against the Ottomans with the slogan &#8220;Fight for faith and fatherland,&#8221; addressed to the Sacred Band, his elite armed unit. The black-clad Sacred Band members seemed to envy the glory of the Theban Sacred Band, who 2,159 years earlier had fallen to the Macedonian cavalry led by the man soon to be called the Great, at the Battle of Chaeronea. Ypsilantis&#8217; Sacred Band was defeated at Dragatsani in Wallachia (now Romania) by the Ottoman cavalry before they could form a defensive square or ignite the spark of revolution across the Balkans.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B_uY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F052756b5-a510-4b86-b7b8-6cbcd3dad480_425x585.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B_uY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F052756b5-a510-4b86-b7b8-6cbcd3dad480_425x585.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B_uY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F052756b5-a510-4b86-b7b8-6cbcd3dad480_425x585.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B_uY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F052756b5-a510-4b86-b7b8-6cbcd3dad480_425x585.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B_uY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F052756b5-a510-4b86-b7b8-6cbcd3dad480_425x585.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B_uY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F052756b5-a510-4b86-b7b8-6cbcd3dad480_425x585.jpeg" width="473" height="651.0705882352942" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/052756b5-a510-4b86-b7b8-6cbcd3dad480_425x585.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:585,&quot;width&quot;:425,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:473,&quot;bytes&quot;:74725,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/176593156?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F052756b5-a510-4b86-b7b8-6cbcd3dad480_425x585.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B_uY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F052756b5-a510-4b86-b7b8-6cbcd3dad480_425x585.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B_uY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F052756b5-a510-4b86-b7b8-6cbcd3dad480_425x585.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B_uY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F052756b5-a510-4b86-b7b8-6cbcd3dad480_425x585.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B_uY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F052756b5-a510-4b86-b7b8-6cbcd3dad480_425x585.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Sacred Band fight at Dragatsani, by Peter von Hess, <a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#921;&#949;&#961;&#972;&#962;_&#923;&#972;&#967;&#959;&#962;_(1821)#/media/&#913;&#961;&#967;&#949;&#943;&#959;:Sacred_band_dragatsani_battle.jpg">Benaki Museum</a>, Athens</figcaption></figure></div><p>At that time, Kapodistrias himself had refused to lead the Greeks, believing he could be more useful to their cause by serving alongside the Tsar, where he had worked for many years. However, when he saw that his efforts were ignored, he requested a leave of absence and retired to Switzerland. There, together with his friend Jean-Gabriel Eynard, head of the Philhellenic Committee in Geneva&#8212;whom he had met at the Congress of Vienna in 1814&#8212;he continued to spread the message of freedom across Europe and support the Greek struggle. &#8220;<em>I want Greece to be the Delphi of the civilized world,</em>&#8221; he once said, revealing his vision for a liberated Greece.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Meanwhile, the Greeks, after their early victories, had descended into civil strife. To make matters worse, in 1825 the Ottoman Porte sent Ibrahim, son of the Egyptian Pasha, to the Peloponnese with a modern, French-trained army. By 1827, the Revolution was faltering. Only a few areas of the Peloponnese and some islands remained free from Ottoman rule.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Akna!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd85a20ad-bca7-4b5f-8024-2f8f5f9d0300_658x500.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Akna!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd85a20ad-bca7-4b5f-8024-2f8f5f9d0300_658x500.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Akna!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd85a20ad-bca7-4b5f-8024-2f8f5f9d0300_658x500.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Akna!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd85a20ad-bca7-4b5f-8024-2f8f5f9d0300_658x500.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Akna!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd85a20ad-bca7-4b5f-8024-2f8f5f9d0300_658x500.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Akna!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd85a20ad-bca7-4b5f-8024-2f8f5f9d0300_658x500.jpeg" width="658" height="500" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d85a20ad-bca7-4b5f-8024-2f8f5f9d0300_658x500.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:500,&quot;width&quot;:658,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:92605,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/176593156?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd85a20ad-bca7-4b5f-8024-2f8f5f9d0300_658x500.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Akna!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd85a20ad-bca7-4b5f-8024-2f8f5f9d0300_658x500.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Akna!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd85a20ad-bca7-4b5f-8024-2f8f5f9d0300_658x500.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Akna!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd85a20ad-bca7-4b5f-8024-2f8f5f9d0300_658x500.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Akna!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd85a20ad-bca7-4b5f-8024-2f8f5f9d0300_658x500.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Ludovico Lipparini (1800-1856), The Oath of Lord Byron at Messolonghi. It is a miniature repetition of the monumental composition of the same name by the same painter, which dates around 1850 and depicts an imaginary event. The work is connected to the impact that the poet&#8217;s death had on the Italian philhellenic movement. Athens, <a href="https://www.benaki.org/index.php?option=com_collectionitems&amp;view=collectionitem&amp;Itemid=&amp;id=108864&amp;lang=el">Benaki Museum</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>In April 1827, the Third National Assembly elected Kapodistrias as the first Governor of Greece. Instead of immediately assuming his duties, he embarked on a series of trips to European capitals to assess the chances of success for his mission. Indeed, the climate seemed to have shifted. Inspired by Romanticism, popular opinion across Europe spoke of the descendants of Pericles, enslaved under Islamic darkness. The French King Charles X and Prime Minister Vill&#232;le had expressed sympathy for the Greek cause. In England, the Foreign Secretary was the later Prime Minister, the philhellene George Canning, who sadly died at the end of the year, much to Kapodistrias&#8217;s misfortune. In Russia, Nicholas I had succeeded Alexander I and wished to counter the eastern ambitions of Britain and France, appearing as the self-appointed defender of Orthodoxy, a fierce opponent of Islam, and a supporter of autonomy for the Balkan peoples under Ottoman rule. Essentially, each Great Power coveted the territories of the declining Ottoman Empire, aimed to control any new state that would emerge, and sought to prevent others from doing the same.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7KR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F386151af-f462-460d-85f3-cf8d3bb7203f_2783x1671.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7KR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F386151af-f462-460d-85f3-cf8d3bb7203f_2783x1671.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7KR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F386151af-f462-460d-85f3-cf8d3bb7203f_2783x1671.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7KR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F386151af-f462-460d-85f3-cf8d3bb7203f_2783x1671.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7KR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F386151af-f462-460d-85f3-cf8d3bb7203f_2783x1671.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7KR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F386151af-f462-460d-85f3-cf8d3bb7203f_2783x1671.jpeg" width="1456" height="874" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7KR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F386151af-f462-460d-85f3-cf8d3bb7203f_2783x1671.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7KR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F386151af-f462-460d-85f3-cf8d3bb7203f_2783x1671.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7KR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F386151af-f462-460d-85f3-cf8d3bb7203f_2783x1671.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7KR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F386151af-f462-460d-85f3-cf8d3bb7203f_2783x1671.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The Russian bear eats Muslims like mussels, unknown artist, 1828 illustration, GallantGraphics</figcaption></figure></div><p>In June of the same year, the Treaty of London was signed between the United Kingdom, France, and the Russian Empire, recognizing for the first time the Greek state. However, it was to be autonomous for the moment and tributary to the Sultan&#8212;not fully independent. The treaty set a one-month deadline for the Ottoman Porte to accept the mediation of the Powers, after which their war fleets were authorized to take any measures deemed necessary to enforce peace. In October, the united Allied fleet defeated the Ottoman fleet at Navarino, severing the lifeline of Ibrahim Pasha. <code>The Greeks had won by not losing</code>. They had barely survived until the commitments made by the Powers at Vienna 12 years earlier had been forgotten, and the climate had shifted in their favor. </p><p>This was Kapodistrias&#8217; moment.</p>
      <p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings]]></title><description><![CDATA[Look on my Works, ye Mighty, and despair!]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/ozymandias-breaking-bad-shelley-best-rated-episode-poem-walter-white</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/ozymandias-breaking-bad-shelley-best-rated-episode-poem-walter-white</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 18 Sep 2025 22:45:14 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dn4K!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd595c28c-93e9-4970-a3b4-d5ce4eb450bb_2048x2048.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Upgrade your subscription and gain access to exclusive content, personalised gifts and the joy to help me spread my passion for history, archaeology and culture. To support my work, consider becoming a paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dn4K!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd595c28c-93e9-4970-a3b4-d5ce4eb450bb_2048x2048.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dn4K!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd595c28c-93e9-4970-a3b4-d5ce4eb450bb_2048x2048.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dn4K!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd595c28c-93e9-4970-a3b4-d5ce4eb450bb_2048x2048.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dn4K!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd595c28c-93e9-4970-a3b4-d5ce4eb450bb_2048x2048.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dn4K!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd595c28c-93e9-4970-a3b4-d5ce4eb450bb_2048x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dn4K!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd595c28c-93e9-4970-a3b4-d5ce4eb450bb_2048x2048.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dn4K!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd595c28c-93e9-4970-a3b4-d5ce4eb450bb_2048x2048.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dn4K!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd595c28c-93e9-4970-a3b4-d5ce4eb450bb_2048x2048.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dn4K!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd595c28c-93e9-4970-a3b4-d5ce4eb450bb_2048x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>&#8220;Half sunk a shattered visage lies&#8221;</em></figcaption></figure></div><h6>&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;</h6><div class="preformatted-block" data-component-name="PreformattedTextBlockToDOM"><label class="hide-text" contenteditable="false">Text within this block will maintain its original spacing when published</label><pre class="text"><em>I met a traveller from an antique land,
Who said&#8212;&#8220;Two vast and trunkless legs of stone
Stand in the desert. . . . Near them, on the sand,
Half sunk a shattered visage lies, whose frown,
And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command,
Tell that its sculptor well those passions read
Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,
The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed;
And on the pedestal, these words appear:
My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;
Look on my Works, ye Mighty, and despair!
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay
Of that colossal Wreck, boundless and bare
The lone and level sands stretch far away.</em></pre></div><p>Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Examiner, issue of January 11, 1818.</p><p>In September 2013, the best episode in the history of television aired. It is the only episode that has held a 10/10 rating on IMDb for such a long period and has also topped other lists, such as the one by Rolling Stone magazine. </p><p>It is an episode of the series Breaking Bad, titled "<em>Ozymandias</em>."</p><p>The word is known from the eponymous poem by Percy Shelley, published in 1818, which uses the image of a statue of Ozymandias to describe the inevitable decline of all leaders and empires, no matter how powerful they were in their time. </p><p>In the episode, we see the protagonist Walter White collapsing in the sand, as it is said to have happened with the famous statue. In 2013, Breaking Bad released a promotional video in which Bryan Cranston read the entire poem. You can watch below a 2013 <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPlSH6n37ts&amp;embeds_referring_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studyinghistory.gr%2F">animation by Stephen Hamacek</a> that I enjoy visit quite often:</p><div id="youtube2-sPlSH6n37ts" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;sPlSH6n37ts&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/sPlSH6n37ts?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>At Christmas of 1817, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Percy-Bysshe-Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Smith_(poet)">Horace Smith</a> decided to engage in an artistic competition, each writing and publishing a poem titled "Ozymandias" in the same newspaper.</p><p>Their subject was based on the mention by the ancient Greek historian <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Diodorus_Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> (1st century BCE) of a colossal statue of an Egyptian king with the enigmatic name 'Ozymandias,' who stood arrogantly and confidently by the Nile. The name was historically unknown as nobody had yet deciphered the Egyptian hieroglyphs, so it remained a mystery what the common Pharaoh was called.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Shelley and Smith wrote two masterpieces of European literature, painting with verse the power of fate. It was the era of relentless Romanticism, which saw in the ruins of antiquity the violence of destiny and, in the future, the futility of those who believe in certainties. Of the two, Shelley's sonnet was to endure longer through time.</p><p>It is worth noting that in the last years of his life, Shelley lived in Switzerland and Italy, where among others, he developed a friendship with <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/byron_lord.shtml">Lord Byron</a>, another prominent representative of 19th-century Romanticism, who died in revolutionary Greece shortly after and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexandros-Mavrokordatos">Alexandros Mavrokordatos</a>, a Greek scholar who played an important role later in the Greek Revolution. In fact, Shelley dedicated to the latter his theatrical drama <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_(poem)">Hellas</a></em>, in which he celebrates the Greek Revolution of 1821 against the Turkish yoke, inspired by the ancient greek tragedy <em>Persae</em> (Persians), by Aeschylus.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!otpP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49257ce7-91cc-44ef-97b9-b8784f696f4f_980x490.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!otpP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49257ce7-91cc-44ef-97b9-b8784f696f4f_980x490.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!otpP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49257ce7-91cc-44ef-97b9-b8784f696f4f_980x490.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!otpP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49257ce7-91cc-44ef-97b9-b8784f696f4f_980x490.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!otpP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49257ce7-91cc-44ef-97b9-b8784f696f4f_980x490.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!otpP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49257ce7-91cc-44ef-97b9-b8784f696f4f_980x490.jpeg" width="980" height="490" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!otpP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49257ce7-91cc-44ef-97b9-b8784f696f4f_980x490.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!otpP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49257ce7-91cc-44ef-97b9-b8784f696f4f_980x490.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!otpP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49257ce7-91cc-44ef-97b9-b8784f696f4f_980x490.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!otpP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49257ce7-91cc-44ef-97b9-b8784f696f4f_980x490.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Ramses II statue, as it was found in Cairo in 2017</figcaption></figure></div><p> In 2017, two hundred years after the peculiar poets' contest, the "<a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/egypt-pharaoh-ramses-ii-giant-statue-cairo-slum-archaelogists-antiquities-a7622096.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawM5TRJleHRuA2FlbQIxMABicmlkETBaUWdGWHVTN0lZaXJXcWZMAR7kHyIn2lq8Ei0XoZH9NlbAhrc4c32IFqM5rGWB0i0cPqaLRjyXgSX7Du-TVQ_aem_o-S2A9zaq09prtFzpevoCA">Ozymandias of Matariya</a>" came to light, a colossal statue of Ramses II in a neighborhood of Cairo with muddy streets, poor inhabitants, hardworking laborers, smiling grandfathers, and countless happy children&#8212;those very ones who need no poetic education to know innately that <strong>every giant eventually turns to dust</strong>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUfX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f9326c6-65f0-4aec-ab65-d2da91594558_1200x800.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUfX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f9326c6-65f0-4aec-ab65-d2da91594558_1200x800.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUfX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f9326c6-65f0-4aec-ab65-d2da91594558_1200x800.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUfX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f9326c6-65f0-4aec-ab65-d2da91594558_1200x800.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUfX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f9326c6-65f0-4aec-ab65-d2da91594558_1200x800.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUfX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f9326c6-65f0-4aec-ab65-d2da91594558_1200x800.jpeg" width="1200" height="800" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7f9326c6-65f0-4aec-ab65-d2da91594558_1200x800.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:800,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:144723,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/173969308?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f9326c6-65f0-4aec-ab65-d2da91594558_1200x800.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUfX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f9326c6-65f0-4aec-ab65-d2da91594558_1200x800.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUfX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f9326c6-65f0-4aec-ab65-d2da91594558_1200x800.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUfX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f9326c6-65f0-4aec-ab65-d2da91594558_1200x800.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUfX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f9326c6-65f0-4aec-ab65-d2da91594558_1200x800.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The head of Ramses&#8217;s II statue, Matariya, Cairo, 2017.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Until next time, &#7952;&#961;&#961;&#8182;&#963;&#952;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#949;&#8016;&#948;&#945;&#953;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#949;&#8150;&#964;&#949;. </p><p> <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">About the author</a></p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/ozymandias-breaking-bad-shelley-best-rated-episode-poem-walter-white?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Remember that sharing is caring!</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/ozymandias-breaking-bad-shelley-best-rated-episode-poem-walter-white?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/ozymandias-breaking-bad-shelley-best-rated-episode-poem-walter-white?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><p>Whether it's just the price of a coffee or a book, every contribution matters. Donations help cover research, writing, and the resources needed to keep sharing my passion for uncovering the past and bringing history, archaeology, and culture to life. If you enjoy my work and would like to support it in continuing to create and share this content, consider making a donation or becoming a paid subscriber. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The series of <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/a-death-foretold">articles on Modern Greek History</a>, starting with the assassination of its first Governor Kapodistrias, is available exclusively to subscribers alongside general history content accessible to all. Subscribe to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><h6>&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;</h6><div class="preformatted-block" data-component-name="PreformattedTextBlockToDOM"><label class="hide-text" contenteditable="false">Text within this block will maintain its original spacing when published</label><pre class="text"><em>I met a traveller from an antique land,
Who said&#8212;&#8220;Two vast and trunkless legs of stone
Stand in the desert. . . . Near them, on the sand,
Half sunk a shattered visage lies, whose frown,
And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command,
Tell that its sculptor well those passions read
Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,
The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed;
And on the pedestal, these words appear:
My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;
Look on my Works, ye Mighty, and despair!
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay
Of that colossal Wreck, boundless and bare
The lone and level sands stretch far away.</em></pre></div><p>Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Examiner, &#964;&#949;&#973;&#967;&#959;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#962; 11&#951;&#962; &#921;&#945;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#945;&#961;&#943;&#959;&#965;, 1818.</p><p>&#932;&#941;&#964;&#959;&#953;&#949;&#962; &#956;&#941;&#961;&#949;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#931;&#949;&#960;&#964;&#941;&#956;&#946;&#961;&#953;&#959; &#964;&#959;&#965; 2013, &#946;&#947;&#942;&#954;&#949; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#945;&#941;&#961;&#945; &#964;&#959; &#954;&#945;&#955;&#973;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#959; &#949;&#960;&#949;&#953;&#963;&#972;&#948;&#953;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#955;&#949;&#972;&#961;&#945;&#963;&#951;&#962;. &#917;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959; &#956;&#959;&#957;&#945;&#948;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#949;&#960;&#949;&#953;&#963;&#972;&#948;&#953;&#959; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#967;&#949;&#953; &#946;&#945;&#952;&#956;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#947;&#943;&#945; 10/10 &#963;&#964;&#959; IMDB &#947;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#972;&#963;&#959; &#956;&#949;&#947;&#940;&#955;&#959; &#967;&#961;&#959;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#948;&#953;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#951;&#956;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#941;&#967;&#949;&#953; &#945;&#957;&#945;&#948;&#949;&#953;&#967;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#960;&#961;&#974;&#964;&#959; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#949; &#940;&#955;&#955;&#949;&#962; &#955;&#943;&#963;&#964;&#949;&#962; &#972;&#960;&#969;&#962; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#942; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#959;&#948;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#973; Rolling Stone. &#917;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959; &#949;&#960;&#949;&#953;&#963;&#972;&#948;&#953;&#959; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#963;&#949;&#953;&#961;&#940;&#962; Breaking Bad, &#956;&#949; &#964;&#943;&#964;&#955;&#959; "<em>Ozymandias</em>".</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0EBF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F162aba17-2efa-4872-84a1-d18b240eae15_2048x2048.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0EBF!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F162aba17-2efa-4872-84a1-d18b240eae15_2048x2048.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0EBF!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F162aba17-2efa-4872-84a1-d18b240eae15_2048x2048.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0EBF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F162aba17-2efa-4872-84a1-d18b240eae15_2048x2048.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0EBF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F162aba17-2efa-4872-84a1-d18b240eae15_2048x2048.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0EBF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F162aba17-2efa-4872-84a1-d18b240eae15_2048x2048.jpeg" width="1456" height="1456" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" 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&#954;&#945;&#964;&#945;&#961;&#961;&#941;&#949;&#953; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#940;&#956;&#956;&#959;, &#972;&#960;&#969;&#962; &#955;&#941;&#947;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#972;&#964;&#953; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#941;&#946;&#951; &#956;&#949; &#964;&#959; &#948;&#953;&#940;&#963;&#951;&#956;&#959; &#940;&#947;&#945;&#955;&#956;&#945;. &#932;&#959; 2013, &#964;&#959; Breaking Bad &#954;&#965;&#954;&#955;&#959;&#966;&#972;&#961;&#951;&#963;&#949; &#941;&#957;&#945; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#969;&#952;&#951;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#946;&#943;&#957;&#964;&#949;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#959; &#959;&#960;&#959;&#943;&#959; &#959; Bryan Cranston &#948;&#953;&#940;&#946;&#945;&#963;&#949; &#959;&#955;&#972;&#954;&#955;&#951;&#961;&#959; &#964;&#959; &#960;&#959;&#943;&#951;&#956;&#945;. &#917;&#948;&#974; &#963;&#949; &#941;&#957;&#945; &#945;&#947;&#945;&#960;&#951;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#959; &#956;&#959;&#965; animation &#964;&#959;&#965; Stephen Hamacek: </p><div id="youtube2-sPlSH6n37ts" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;sPlSH6n37ts&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/sPlSH6n37ts?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>&#932;&#945; &#935;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#973;&#947;&#949;&#957;&#957;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; 1817, &#959; <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Percy-Bysshe-Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> &#954;&#945;&#953; &#959; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Smith_(poet)">Horace Smith</a>, &#945;&#960;&#959;&#966;&#940;&#963;&#953;&#963;&#945;&#957; &#957;&#945; &#945;&#957;&#945;&#956;&#949;&#964;&#961;&#951;&#952;&#959;&#973;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#955;&#955;&#953;&#964;&#949;&#967;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;, &#947;&#961;&#940;&#966;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#948;&#951;&#956;&#959;&#963;&#953;&#949;&#973;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#943;&#948;&#953;&#945; &#949;&#966;&#951;&#956;&#949;&#961;&#943;&#948;&#945; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#941;&#957;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#943;&#951;&#956;&#945; &#956;&#949; &#964;&#943;&#964;&#955;&#959; "<em>Ozymandias</em>".</p><p>&#920;&#941;&#956;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#942;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#951; &#945;&#957;&#945;&#966;&#959;&#961;&#940; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#945;&#961;&#967;&#945;&#943;&#959;&#965; &#904;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#945; &#963;&#965;&#947;&#947;&#961;&#945;&#966;&#941;&#945; <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Diodorus_Siculus">&#916;&#953;&#972;&#948;&#969;&#961;&#959;&#965; &#931;&#953;&#954;&#949;&#955;&#953;&#974;&#964;&#951;</a> (1&#959;&#962; &#945;&#953;. &#960;.&#935;.) &#963;&#949; &#941;&#957;&#945; 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&#963;&#949; &#946;&#949;&#946;&#945;&#953;&#972;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#949;&#962;. &#913;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#945; &#948;&#973;&#959;, &#941;&#956;&#949;&#955;&#955;&#949; &#957;&#945; &#945;&#957;&#964;&#941;&#958;&#949;&#953; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#963;&#972;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#959; &#967;&#961;&#972;&#957;&#959; &#964;&#959; &#963;&#959;&#957;&#941;&#964;&#959; &#964;&#959;&#965; Shelley.</p><p>&#913;&#958;&#943;&#950;&#949;&#953; &#957;&#945; &#963;&#951;&#956;&#949;&#953;&#969;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#972;&#964;&#953; &#964;&#945; &#964;&#949;&#955;&#949;&#965;&#964;&#945;&#943;&#945; &#967;&#961;&#972;&#957;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#950;&#969;&#942;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#959; Shelley &#964;&#945; &#941;&#950;&#951;&#963;&#949; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#917;&#955;&#946;&#949;&#964;&#943;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#921;&#964;&#945;&#955;&#943;&#945;, &#972;&#960;&#959;&#965; &#956;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#958;&#973; 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&#964;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#954;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#950;&#965;&#947;&#972; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959; &#959;&#960;&#959;&#943;&#959; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#949;&#956;&#960;&#957;&#949;&#965;&#963;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#959; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#964;&#961;&#945;&#947;&#969;&#948;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#913;&#953;&#963;&#967;&#973;&#955;&#959;&#965; <em>&#928;&#941;&#961;&#963;&#945;&#953;. </em></p><p>&#932;&#959; 2017, &#948;&#953;&#945;&#954;&#972;&#963;&#953;&#945; &#967;&#961;&#972;&#957;&#953;&#945; &#956;&#949;&#964;&#940; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#953;&#948;&#953;&#972;&#964;&#965;&#960;&#959; &#948;&#953;&#945;&#947;&#969;&#957;&#953;&#963;&#956;&#972; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#960;&#959;&#953;&#951;&#964;&#974;&#957;, <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/egypt-pharaoh-ramses-ii-giant-statue-cairo-slum-archaelogists-antiquities-a7622096.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawM5TRJleHRuA2FlbQIxMABicmlkETBaUWdGWHVTN0lZaXJXcWZMAR7kHyIn2lq8Ei0XoZH9NlbAhrc4c32IFqM5rGWB0i0cPqaLRjyXgSX7Du-TVQ_aem_o-S2A9zaq09prtFzpevoCA">&#942;&#955;&#952;&#949; &#963;&#964;&#959; &#966;&#969;&#962; &#959; "Ozymandias &#964;&#951;&#962; Matariya"</a>, &#941;&#957;&#945; &#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#963;&#963;&#953;&#945;&#943;&#959; &#940;&#947;&#945;&#955;&#956;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#929;&#945;&#956;&#963;&#942; &#914;&#900; &#963;&#949; &#956;&#953;&#945; &#947;&#949;&#953;&#964;&#959;&#957;&#953;&#940; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#922;&#945;&#912;&#961;&#959;&#965; &#956;&#949; &#955;&#945;&#963;&#960;&#969;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#948;&#961;&#972;&#956;&#959;&#965;&#962;, &#966;&#964;&#969;&#967;&#959;&#973;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#943;&#954;&#959;&#965;&#962;, &#949;&#961;&#947;&#940;&#964;&#949;&#962; 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&#947;&#943;&#957;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#954;&#972;&#957;&#951;</strong>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aFYN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fedfbcd9b-4421-47b9-b74d-30c670686259_1200x800.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aFYN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fedfbcd9b-4421-47b9-b74d-30c670686259_1200x800.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aFYN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fedfbcd9b-4421-47b9-b74d-30c670686259_1200x800.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aFYN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fedfbcd9b-4421-47b9-b74d-30c670686259_1200x800.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aFYN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fedfbcd9b-4421-47b9-b74d-30c670686259_1200x800.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aFYN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fedfbcd9b-4421-47b9-b74d-30c670686259_1200x800.jpeg" width="1200" height="800" 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Μy Captain!]]></title><description><![CDATA[...our fearful trip is done.]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/o-captain-my-captain</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/o-captain-my-captain</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2025 18:30:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qI5N!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3865ea57-506f-4c9f-82e1-352727d28f57_1200x800.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="native-video-embed" data-component-name="VideoPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;bba57789-762c-410b-898c-1cdda7095c85&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:null}"></div><p>&#8220;The History Boys&#8221; (2006)</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qI5N!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3865ea57-506f-4c9f-82e1-352727d28f57_1200x800.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qI5N!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3865ea57-506f-4c9f-82e1-352727d28f57_1200x800.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qI5N!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3865ea57-506f-4c9f-82e1-352727d28f57_1200x800.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qI5N!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3865ea57-506f-4c9f-82e1-352727d28f57_1200x800.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qI5N!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3865ea57-506f-4c9f-82e1-352727d28f57_1200x800.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qI5N!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3865ea57-506f-4c9f-82e1-352727d28f57_1200x800.jpeg" width="1200" height="800" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3865ea57-506f-4c9f-82e1-352727d28f57_1200x800.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:800,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:144308,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/172191975?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3865ea57-506f-4c9f-82e1-352727d28f57_1200x800.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qI5N!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3865ea57-506f-4c9f-82e1-352727d28f57_1200x800.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qI5N!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3865ea57-506f-4c9f-82e1-352727d28f57_1200x800.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qI5N!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3865ea57-506f-4c9f-82e1-352727d28f57_1200x800.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qI5N!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3865ea57-506f-4c9f-82e1-352727d28f57_1200x800.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Yannoulis Halepas, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Female_Figure_(Chalepas)">The Sleeping Beauty</a> (1877), at the Tomb of Sofia Afentaki, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Cemetery_of_Athens">First Cemetery of Athens</a></figcaption></figure></div><h6>&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;</h6><p>A few days ago, I lost a very dear person of mine. I have written something even more personal on the matter but as I&#8217;m thinking whether to post it or not, I often find refuge in poetry as a remedy, so instead of a historywise article, for now I shall share three of my favorite poems that might resonate with others as well as they do with me.</p><p>Also, do listen to Ethan Hawke talk about the importance of human creativity, poetry, and music in the small video I provide below the poems. I often turn to his TED talk to remind myself how important it is for me to write, to read, and to engage in whatever heals my soul from time to time. It also reminds me how crucial it is to encourage my children, in the era of the internet and A.I., to remain creative in whatever way they enjoy.</p><p>Below the poems, I also provide videos with amazing (imo) recitations of them, for the auditory and visual types. Probably unnecessary, but in their Greek edition, I include audio with recitations by myself.</p><p>Finally, I share two of my most favorite songs: The &#8216;&#904;&#947;&#953;&#957;&#949; &#951; &#945;&#960;&#974;&#955;&#949;&#953;&#945; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#942;&#952;&#949;&#953;&#940; &#956;&#945;&#962;&#8217; (Loss became habituary) by Diafana Krina, the first ever song I learned to play on the guitar back in in the 90s, and 'Say Something' by A Great Big World (feat. Christina Aguilera).</p><p>Until next time, &#7952;&#961;&#961;&#8182;&#963;&#952;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#949;&#8016;&#948;&#945;&#953;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#949;&#8150;&#964;&#949;.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><strong>Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night</strong></p><p>By Dylan Thomas</p><p><em>Do not go gentle into that good night,</em></p><p><em>Old age should burn and rave at close of day;</em></p><p><em>Rage, rage against the dying of the light.</em></p><p><em>Though wise men at their end know dark is right,</em></p><p><em>Because their words had forked no lightning they</em></p><p><em>Do not go gentle into that good night.</em></p><p><em>Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright</em></p><p><em>Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,</em></p><p><em>Rage, rage against the dying of the light.</em></p><p><em>Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight,</em></p><p><em>And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way,</em></p><p><em>Do not go gentle into that good night.</em></p><p><em>Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight</em></p><p><em>Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay,</em></p><p><em>Rage, rage against the dying of the light.</em></p><p><em>And you, my father, there on the sad height,</em></p><p><em>Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray.</em></p><p><em>Do not go gentle into that good night.</em></p><p><em>Rage, rage against the dying of the light.</em></p><p>From The Poems of Dylan Thomas. Copyright 1939, 1946, 1957 by New Directions Publishing Corporation. </p><div id="youtube2-w-sM-t1KI_Y" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;w-sM-t1KI_Y&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/w-sM-t1KI_Y?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p></p><p><strong>Immortality (Do Not Stand By My Grave and Weep)</strong></p><p>by Clare Harner</p><p><em>Do not stand</em></p><p><em>By my grave, and weep,</em></p><p><em>I am not there,</em></p><p><em>I do not sleep--</em></p><p><em>I am the thousand winds that blow,</em></p><p><em>I am the diamond glints in snow.</em></p><p><em>I am the sunlight on ripened grain,</em></p><p><em>I am the gentle, autumn rain.</em></p><p><em>As you awake with morning's hush,</em></p><p><em>I am the swift, up-flinging rush</em></p><p><em>Of quiet birds in circling flight.</em></p><p><em>I am the day transcending night.</em></p><p><em>Do not stand</em></p><p><em>By my grave, and cry--</em></p><p><em>I am not there,</em></p><p><em>I did not die.</em></p><p>Clare Harner, The Gypsy poetry magazine, December 1934</p><div id="youtube2-qTaHzKShI3k" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;qTaHzKShI3k&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/qTaHzKShI3k?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>(BTW, if you haven&#8217;t watched After Life yet, please, PLEASE do)</p><p></p><p><strong>Untimely</strong></p><p>by Maria Laina</p><p><em>Let us go now&#8212;</em></p><p><em>you, lifeless,</em></p><p><em>and I, in your embrace.</em></p><p><em>Let us fall asleep beneath</em></p><p><em>the light of stars</em></p><p><em>that no longer exist.</em></p><p>Maria Laina: "Whatever Happened / People and Ghosts," Patakis Publishers, 2020. (translation/adaptation from Greek by Konstantinos Mitroudis). </p><div class="native-audio-embed" data-component-name="AudioPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;label&quot;:null,&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;66cd3a83-2c59-47e2-b0da-2978643f69a0&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:14.524082,&quot;downloadable&quot;:false,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p></p><p><strong>Ethan Hawke on creativity:</strong></p><p>&#8220;<em>There is this thing that worries me sometimes whenever you talk about creativity, because it can have this kind of feel that it&#8217;s just nice, you know, it&#8217;s warm or it&#8217;s something pleasant.</em></p><p><em>It&#8217;s not. It&#8217;s vital. It&#8217;s the way we heal each other.</em></p><p><em>So you have to ask yourself, do you think human creativity matters?</em></p><p><em>Well, hmm, most people don&#8217;t spend a lot of time thinking about poetry, right? Until their father dies. They go to a funeral, you lose a child, somebody breaks your heart. They don&#8217;t love you anymore. And all of a sudden you&#8217;re desperate for making sense out of this life. And has anybody ever felt this bad before? How did they come out of this cloud?</em></p><p><em>Or the inverse; something great. You meet somebody and your heart explodes. You love them so much you can&#8217;t even see straight. You know, you&#8217;re dizzy. Did anybody feel like this? What is happening to me?</em></p><p><em>And that&#8217;s when art&#8217;s not a luxury. It&#8217;s actually sustenance. We need it. OK, well, what is it? Human creativity is nature manifest in us.</em></p><p><em>In singing our song and telling our story and inviting you to say, hey, listen to me and I&#8217;ll listen to you, we&#8217;re starting a dialogue, you know. And when you do that, this healing happens and we come out of our corners and we start to witness each other&#8217;s common humanity.</em>&#8221;</p><div class="native-video-embed" data-component-name="VideoPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;86d986bb-1406-41aa-8e1d-47a34f4a294f&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:null}"></div><p><a href="https://www.managemagazine.com/article-bank/personal-development/ethan-hawke-give-yourself-permission-to-be-creative/">Ethan Hawke on creativity</a>, <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/ethan_hawke_give_yourself_permission_to_be_creative">2020 TED talk</a>.</p><div id="youtube2-iZx3SmnZhZU" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;iZx3SmnZhZU&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/iZx3SmnZhZU?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><div id="youtube2--2U0Ivkn2Ds" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;-2U0Ivkn2Ds&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/-2U0Ivkn2Ds?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/o-captain-my-captain?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Remember that sharing is caring!</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/o-captain-my-captain?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/o-captain-my-captain?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free Subscriber. By becoming a paid subscriber you gain access to a <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/a-death-foretold">series of articles on Modern Greek History</a> and unlock furure features available to the Studying History paid subscribers only.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">about the author</a></p><h6>text in greek follows</h6><h3>&#937;, &#922;&#945;&#960;&#949;&#964;&#940;&#957;&#953;&#949;! &#922;&#945;&#960;&#949;&#964;&#940;&#957;&#953;&#949; &#956;&#959;&#965;! </h3><p>&#932;&#949;&#955;&#949;&#943;&#969;&#963;&#949; &#964;&#959; &#966;&#959;&#946;&#949;&#961;&#972; &#964;&#945;&#958;&#943;&#948;&#953; &#956;&#945;&#962;&#8230;</p><div class="native-video-embed" data-component-name="VideoPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;bba57789-762c-410b-898c-1cdda7095c85&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:null}"></div><p>&#928;&#961;&#953;&#957; &#955;&#943;&#947;&#949;&#962; &#951;&#956;&#941;&#961;&#949;&#962; &#941;&#967;&#945;&#963;&#945; &#941;&#957;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#973; &#945;&#947;&#945;&#960;&#951;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#959; &#956;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#961;&#972;&#963;&#969;&#960;&#959;. &#922;&#945;&#952;&#974;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#955;&#941;&#962; &#966;&#959;&#961;&#941;&#962; &#946;&#961;&#943;&#963;&#954;&#969; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#945;&#966;&#973;&#947;&#953;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#959;&#943;&#951;&#963;&#951; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#946;&#940;&#955;&#963;&#945;&#956;&#959;, &#945;&#957;&#964;&#943; &#954;&#940;&#960;&#959;&#953;&#959;&#965; &#940;&#961;&#952;&#961;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#967;&#949;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#956;&#949; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#943;&#945;, &#952;&#945; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#945;&#952;&#941;&#963;&#969; &#964;&#961;&#943;&#945; &#945;&#947;&#945;&#960;&#951;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#945; &#956;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#959;&#953;&#942;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#956;&#960;&#959;&#961;&#949;&#943; &#957;&#945; &#8220;&#956;&#953;&#955;&#942;&#963;&#959;&#965;&#957;&#8221; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#949; &#954;&#940;&#960;&#959;&#953;&#959;&#957; &#940;&#955;&#955;&#959;&#957; &#949;&#954;&#964;&#972;&#962; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#949;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#945;. &#913;&#954;&#959;&#973;&#963;&#964;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959;&#957; Ethan Hawke &#957;&#945; &#956;&#953;&#955;&#940;&#949;&#953; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#951; &#963;&#951;&#956;&#945;&#963;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#945;&#957;&#952;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#953;&#957;&#951;&#962; &#948;&#951;&#956;&#953;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#947;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#945;&#962;, &#964;&#951;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#943;&#951;&#963;&#951;&#962;, &#964;&#951;&#962; &#956;&#959;&#965;&#963;&#953;&#954;&#942;&#962;. &#922;&#945;&#964;&#945;&#966;&#949;&#973;&#947;&#969; &#963;&#965;&#967;&#957;&#940; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#959;&#956;&#953;&#955;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#964;&#959; TED &#947;&#953;&#945; &#957;&#945; &#956;&#959;&#965; &#952;&#965;&#956;&#943;&#950;&#969; &#960;&#972;&#963;&#959; &#963;&#951;&#956;&#945;&#957;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#956;&#941;&#957;&#945; &#957;&#945; &#947;&#961;&#940;&#966;&#969;, &#957;&#945; &#948;&#953;&#945;&#946;&#940;&#950;&#969; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#972;,&#964;&#953; &#940;&#955;&#955;&#959; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#940; &#954;&#945;&#953;&#961;&#959;&#973;&#962; &#952;&#949;&#961;&#945;&#960;&#949;&#973;&#949;&#953; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#968;&#965;&#967;&#942; &#956;&#959;&#965;, &#954;&#945;&#952;&#974;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#972;&#963;&#959; &#963;&#951;&#956;&#945;&#957;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#957;&#945; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#963;&#960;&#945;&#952;&#974; &#964;&#945; &#960;&#945;&#953;&#948;&#953;&#940; &#956;&#959;&#965; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#960;&#959;&#967;&#942; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#943;&#957;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#957;&#949;&#964; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959;&#965; AI &#957;&#945; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#945;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#956;&#949; &#972;&#960;&#959;&#953;&#959;&#957; &#964;&#961;&#972;&#960;&#959; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#945;&#961;&#941;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#948;&#951;&#956;&#953;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#947;&#953;&#954;&#940;.<br>&#922;&#940;&#964;&#969; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#953;&#942;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#945; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#945;&#952;&#941;&#964;&#969; &#946;&#943;&#957;&#964;&#949;&#959; &#956;&#949; &#949;&#954;&#960;&#955;&#951;&#954;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#941;&#962; &#945;&#960;&#945;&#947;&#947;&#949;&#955;&#943;&#949;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962;, &#947;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#945;&#954;&#959;&#965;&#963;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#973;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#959;&#960;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#959;&#973;&#962; &#964;&#973;&#960;&#959;&#965;&#962;. &#931;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#941;&#954;&#948;&#959;&#963;&#942; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;, &#960;&#945;&#961;&#945;&#952;&#941;&#964;&#969; &#951;&#967;&#951;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#956;&#949; &#945;&#960;&#945;&#947;&#947;&#949;&#955;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#949;&#956;&#941;&#957;a.</p><p>&#932;&#941;&#955;&#959;&#962;, &#960;&#945;&#961;&#945;&#952;&#941;&#964;&#969; &#948;&#973;&#959; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#973; &#945;&#947;&#945;&#960;&#951;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#945; &#964;&#961;&#945;&#947;&#959;&#973;&#948;&#953;&#945; &#956;&#959;&#965;: &#964;&#959; &#904;&#947;&#953;&#957;&#949; &#951; &#945;&#960;&#974;&#955;&#949;&#953;&#945; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#942;&#952;&#949;&#953;&#940; &#956;&#945;) &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#945; &#916;&#953;&#940;&#966;&#945;&#957;&#945; &#922;&#961;&#943;&#957;&#945;, &#964;&#959; &#960;&#961;&#974;&#964;&#959; &#954;&#959;&#956;&#956;&#940;&#964;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#956;&#945;&#952;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#964;&#941; &#957;&#945; &#960;&#945;&#943;&#950;&#969; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#954;&#953;&#952;&#940;&#961;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959; Say Something &#964;&#969;&#957; A Great Big World (feat. Christina Aguilera).</p><p>&#924;&#941;&#967;&#961;&#953; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#960;&#972;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#951; &#966;&#959;&#961;&#940;, &#7952;&#961;&#961;&#8182;&#963;&#952;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#949;&#8016;&#948;&#945;&#953;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#949;&#8150;&#964;&#949;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Iu-y!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5359f108-ca31-4658-95fb-0272e048d645_479x334.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Iu-y!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5359f108-ca31-4658-95fb-0272e048d645_479x334.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Iu-y!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5359f108-ca31-4658-95fb-0272e048d645_479x334.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Iu-y!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5359f108-ca31-4658-95fb-0272e048d645_479x334.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Iu-y!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5359f108-ca31-4658-95fb-0272e048d645_479x334.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Iu-y!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5359f108-ca31-4658-95fb-0272e048d645_479x334.webp" width="479" height="334" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5359f108-ca31-4658-95fb-0272e048d645_479x334.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:334,&quot;width&quot;:479,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:42556,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/webp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/172191975?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5359f108-ca31-4658-95fb-0272e048d645_479x334.webp&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Iu-y!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5359f108-ca31-4658-95fb-0272e048d645_479x334.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Iu-y!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5359f108-ca31-4658-95fb-0272e048d645_479x334.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Iu-y!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5359f108-ca31-4658-95fb-0272e048d645_479x334.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Iu-y!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5359f108-ca31-4658-95fb-0272e048d645_479x334.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The Sleeping Beauty (1877), at the Tomb of Sofia Afentaki, First Cemetery of Athens</figcaption></figure></div><p><strong>&#924;&#951; &#963;&#964;&#941;&#961;&#947;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#942;&#963;&#965;&#967;&#945; &#957;&#945; &#960;&#945;&#962; &#963;&#949; &#957;&#973;&#967;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#965;&#955;&#959;&#947;&#951;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#951;</strong></p><p>&#964;&#959;&#965; &#925;&#964;&#973;&#955;&#945;&#957; &#932;&#972;&#956;&#945;&#962;</p><p><em>&#924;&#951; &#963;&#964;&#941;&#961;&#947;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#942;&#963;&#965;&#967;&#945; &#957;&#945; &#960;&#945;&#962; &#963;&#949; &#957;&#973;&#967;&#964;&#945; 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&#966;&#955;&#972;&#947;&#949;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#945;&#941;&#961;&#945;</em></p><p><em>&#948;&#949;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#941;&#961;&#947;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#942;&#963;&#965;&#967;&#945; &#957;&#945; &#960;&#945;&#957; &#963;&#949; &#957;&#973;&#967;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#965;&#955;&#959;&#947;&#951;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#951;.</em></p><p><em>&#908;&#963;&#959;&#953; &#945;&#947;&#945;&#952;&#959;&#943;, &#966;&#969;&#957;&#940;&#950;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#959; &#954;&#973;&#956;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#946;&#945;&#952;&#945;&#943;&#957;&#949;&#953;</em></p><p><em>&#960;&#969;&#962; &#963;&#8217; &#945;&#954;&#961;&#959;&#947;&#953;&#940;&#955;&#953; &#960;&#961;&#940;&#963;&#953;&#957;&#959; &#952;&#945; &#967;&#972;&#961;&#949;&#965;&#949; &#956;&#953;&#945; &#956;&#941;&#961;&#945;</em></p><p><em>&#954;&#940;&#952;&#949; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#960;&#961;&#940;&#958;&#951;, &#956;&#945;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#972;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#964;&#959; &#966;&#969;&#962; &#960;&#949;&#952;&#945;&#943;&#957;&#949;&#953;.</em></p><p><em>&#908;&#963;&#959;&#953; &#964;&#961;&#949;&#955;&#959;&#943; &#964;&#961;&#945;&#947;&#959;&#973;&#948;&#951;&#963;&#945;&#957; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#942;&#955;&#953;&#959; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#956;&#945;&#954;&#961;&#945;&#943;&#957;&#949;&#953;</em></p><p><em>&#954;&#953; &#945;&#961;&#947;&#940; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#973; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#940;&#955;&#945;&#946;&#945;&#957; &#960;&#969;&#962; &#952;&#961;&#951;&#957;&#959;&#973;&#963;&#945;&#957;, &#960;&#941;&#961;&#945;</em></p><p><em>&#948;&#949;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#941;&#961;&#947;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#942;&#963;&#965;&#967;&#945; &#957;&#945; &#960;&#945;&#957;, &#963;&#949; &#957;&#973;&#967;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#965;&#955;&#959;&#947;&#951;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#951;.</em></p><p><em>&#908;&#963;&#959;&#953; &#945;&#965;&#963;&#964;&#951;&#961;&#959;&#943;, &#960;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#963;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#957;&#940; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#946;&#955;&#941;&#960;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#964;&#965;&#966;&#955;&#969;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#959;&#953;</em></p><p><em>&#972;&#964;&#953; &#956;&#960;&#959;&#961;&#959;&#973;&#957; &#956;&#940;&#964;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#965;&#966;&#955;&#940; &#957;&#8217; &#945;&#963;&#964;&#961;&#940;&#966;&#964;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#945;&#953;&#952;&#941;&#961;&#945;</em></p><p><em>&#954;&#945;&#953; &#957;&#945; &#947;&#953;&#959;&#961;&#964;&#940;&#950;&#959;&#965;&#957;, &#956;&#945;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#972;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#964;&#959; &#966;&#969;&#962; &#960;&#949;&#952;&#945;&#943;&#957;&#949;&#953;</em></p><p><em>&#922;&#953; &#949;&#963;&#973;, &#960;&#951;&#947;&#945;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#962; &#968;&#951;&#955;&#940; &#963;&#964;&#951; &#952;&#955;&#943;&#968;&#951; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#949; &#965;&#966;&#945;&#943;&#957;&#949;&#953;,</em></p><p><em>&#954;&#945;&#964;&#940;&#961;&#945; &#948;&#974;&#963;&#949; &#956;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#953; &#949;&#965;&#967;&#942; &#964;&#959; &#948;&#940;&#954;&#961;&#965; &#963;&#959;&#965;, &#960;&#945;&#964;&#941;&#961;&#945;.</em></p><p><em>&#924;&#951; &#963;&#964;&#941;&#961;&#947;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#942;&#963;&#965;&#967;&#945; &#957;&#945; &#960;&#945;&#962; &#963;&#949; &#957;&#973;&#967;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#965;&#955;&#959;&#947;&#951;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#951;.</em></p><p><em>&#925;&#945; &#956;&#945;&#943;&#957;&#949;&#963;&#945;&#953;, &#957;&#945; &#956;&#945;&#943;&#957;&#949;&#963;&#945;&#953; &#972;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#964;&#959; &#966;&#969;&#962; &#960;&#949;&#952;&#945;&#943;&#957;&#949;&#953;.</em></p><p>Dylan Thomas, &#956;&#964;&#966;. &#916;&#953;&#959;&#957;&#973;&#963;&#951;&#962; &#922;&#945;&#968;&#940;&#955;&#951;&#962;, &#924;&#960;&#945;&#955;&#940;&#957;&#964;&#949;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#940;&#963;&#949;&#953;&#962;, 1997, &#949;&#954;&#948;&#972;&#963;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#902;&#947;&#961;&#945;. (&#915;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#951; &#950;&#969;&#942; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959; &#941;&#961;&#947;&#959; &#964;&#959;&#965; Dylan Thomas &#946;&#955;. &#949;&#960;&#943;&#963;&#951;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#957; <a href="https://dspace.uowm.gr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/4723/%CE%95%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BA%CE%B1%20%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%82%20%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82%20-%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82%20%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC%20%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%20%CE%9D%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%20%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82-.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y">&#949;&#958;&#945;&#953;&#961;&#949;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#948;&#953;&#960;&#955;&#969;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#949;&#961;&#947;&#945;&#963;&#943;&#945;</a> &#964;&#951;&#962; &#916;&#942;&#956;&#951;&#964;&#961;&#945;&#962; &#931;&#953;&#959;&#973;&#954;&#945; &#8220;&#917;&#961;&#969;&#964;&#949;&#973;&#964;&#951;&#954;&#945; &#964;&#953;&#962; &#955;&#941;&#958;&#949;&#953;&#962;: &#924;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#966;&#961;&#940;&#950;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#962; &#948;&#951;&#956;&#953;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#947;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#925;&#964;&#973;&#955;&#945;&#957; &#932;&#972;&#956;&#945;&#962;&#8221;)  </p><div class="native-audio-embed" data-component-name="AudioPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;label&quot;:null,&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;8b3d3270-8456-48f3-92b4-c4ed9180e38d&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:83.278366,&quot;downloadable&quot;:false,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p></p><p><strong>&#913;&#952;&#945;&#957;&#945;&#963;&#943;&#945; (&#924;&#951;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#941;&#954;&#949;&#963;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#964;&#940;&#966;&#959; &#956;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#954;&#955;&#945;&#953;&#962;)</strong></p><p>&#964;&#951;&#962; &#922;&#955;&#945;&#953;&#961; &#935;&#940;&#961;&#957;&#949;&#961;</p><p><em>&#924;&#951;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#941;&#954;&#949;&#963;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#964;&#940;&#966;&#959; &#956;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#954;&#955;&#945;&#953;&#962;</em></p><p><em>&#916;&#949;&#957; &#949;&#943;&#956;&#945;&#953; &#949;&#954;&#949;&#943;. &#916;&#949;&#957; &#954;&#959;&#953;&#956;&#940;&#956;&#945;&#953;.</em></p><p><em>&#917;&#943;&#956;&#945;&#953; &#967;&#943;&#955;&#953;&#959;&#953; &#956;&#945;&#957;&#953;&#945;&#963;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#959;&#953; &#940;&#957;&#949;&#956;&#959;&#953;.</em></p><p><em>&#927;&#953; &#948;&#953;&#945;&#956;&#945;&#957;&#964;&#941;&#957;&#953;&#949;&#962; &#955;&#940;&#956;&#968;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#967;&#953;&#959;&#957;&#953;&#959;&#973; &#963;&#964;&#959; &#966;&#969;&#962;.</em></p><p><em>&#917;&#954;&#949;&#943;&#957;&#959; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#941;&#966;&#964;&#949;&#953; &#963;&#964;&#8217; &#969;&#961;&#953;&#956;&#945;&#963;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#940;&#961;&#953;.</em></p><p><em>&#917;&#943;&#956;&#945;&#953; &#951; &#945;&#960;&#945;&#955;&#942;, &#966;&#952;&#953;&#957;&#959;&#960;&#969;&#961;&#953;&#957;&#942; &#946;&#961;&#959;&#967;&#942;.</em></p><p><em>&#931;&#964;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#961;&#969;&#953;&#957;&#959;&#973; &#964;&#951; &#963;&#953;&#947;&#945;&#955;&#953;&#940;,</em></p><p><em>&#945;&#941;&#961;&#953;&#957;&#959; &#961;&#949;&#973;&#956;&#945; &#949;&#943;&#956;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#945;&#957;&#965;&#968;&#974;&#957;&#949;&#953; &#964;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#965;&#955;&#953;&#940;,</em></p><p><em>&#954;&#945;&#952;&#974;&#962; &#942;&#963;&#965;&#967;&#945; &#960;&#949;&#964;&#959;&#973;&#957; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#940; &#963;&#949; &#954;&#973;&#954;&#955;&#959;.</em></p><p><em>&#917;&#943;&#956;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959; &#966;&#969;&#962; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#956;&#941;&#961;&#945;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#948;&#953;&#974;&#967;&#957;&#949;&#953; &#964;&#959; &#963;&#954;&#959;&#964;&#940;&#948;&#953;.</em></p><p><em>&#924;&#951;&#957; &#963;&#964;&#941;&#954;&#949;&#963;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#964;&#940;&#966;&#959; &#956;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#954;&#955;&#945;&#953;&#962;</em></p><p><em>&#916;&#949;&#957; &#949;&#943;&#956;&#945;&#953; &#949;&#954;&#949;&#943;. &#916;&#949;&#957; &#941;&#967;&#969; &#960;&#949;&#952;&#940;&#957;&#949;&#953;.</em></p><p>Clare Harner, &#948;&#951;&#956;&#959;&#963;&#953;&#949;&#973;&#964;&#951;&#954;&#949; &#964;&#959; 1934 &#963;&#964;&#959; &#955;&#959;&#947;&#959;&#964;&#949;&#967;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#972; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#959;&#948;&#953;&#954;&#972; The Gypsy. &#924;&#949;&#964;&#940;&#966;&#961;&#945;&#963;&#951;/&#945;&#960;&#972;&#948;&#959;&#963;&#951; &#922;&#969;&#957;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#957;&#964;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#962; &#924;&#951;&#964;&#961;&#959;&#973;&#948;&#951;&#962;. </p><div class="native-audio-embed" data-component-name="AudioPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;label&quot;:null,&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;b7f18fe3-e430-4196-b962-583f169d8b79&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:44.59102,&quot;downloadable&quot;:false,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><strong>&#917;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#967;&#961;&#959;&#957;&#953;&#963;&#956;&#972;&#962;</strong></p><p>&#964;&#951;&#962; &#924;&#945;&#961;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#923;&#945;&#970;&#957;&#940;</p><p><em>&#913;&#962; &#960;&#940;&#956;&#949; &#964;&#974;&#961;&#945;</em></p><p><em>&#957;&#949;&#954;&#961;&#972;&#962; &#949;&#963;&#973;</em></p><p><em>&#954;&#953; &#949;&#947;&#974; &#963;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#945;&#947;&#954;&#945;&#955;&#953;&#940; &#963;&#959;&#965;</em></p><p><em>&#945;&#962; &#954;&#959;&#953;&#956;&#951;&#952;&#959;&#973;&#956;&#949; &#954;&#940;&#964;&#969;</em></p><p><em>&#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#959; &#966;&#969;&#962; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#945;&#963;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#974;&#957;</em></p><p><em>&#960;&#959;&#965; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#965;&#960;&#940;&#961;&#967;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#960;&#953;&#945;.</em></p><p>&#924;&#945;&#961;&#943;&#945; &#923;&#945;&#970;&#957;&#940;: &#171;&#908;,&#964;&#953; &#941;&#947;&#953;&#957;&#949; / &#940;&#957;&#952;&#961;&#969;&#960;&#959;&#953; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#966;&#945;&#957;&#964;&#940;&#963;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#945;&#187;, &#917;&#954;&#948;&#972;&#963;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#928;&#945;&#964;&#940;&#954;&#951;, 2020. </p><div class="native-audio-embed" data-component-name="AudioPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;label&quot;:null,&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;1cf5e956-3e4d-4e28-b4bc-95f0b5919b2c&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:11.885714,&quot;downloadable&quot;:false,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>&#8220;<em>&#917;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#954;&#940;&#964;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#956;&#949; &#945;&#957;&#951;&#963;&#965;&#967;&#949;&#943; &#972;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#956;&#953;&#955;&#940;&#956;&#949; &#947;&#953;&#945; &#948;&#951;&#956;&#953;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#947;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#945;, &#972;&#964;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#955;&#941;&#962; &#966;&#959;&#961;&#941;&#962; &#956;&#960;&#959;&#961;&#949;&#943; &#957;&#945; &#941;&#967;&#949;&#953; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#942; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#945;&#943;&#963;&#952;&#951;&#963;&#951; &#972;&#964;&#953; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#945;&#960;&#955;&#974;&#962; &#972;&#956;&#959;&#961;&#966;&#951; &#942; &#950;&#949;&#963;&#964;&#942; &#942; &#945;&#960;&#955;&#974;&#962; &#949;&#965;&#967;&#940;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#951;.</em></p><p><em>&#916;&#949;&#957; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#941;&#964;&#963;&#953;. &#917;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#945;&#960;&#959;&#955;&#973;&#964;&#969;&#962; &#950;&#969;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#942;. &#917;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#959; &#964;&#961;&#972;&#960;&#959;&#962; &#956;&#949; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#959;&#960;&#959;&#943;&#959; &#952;&#949;&#961;&#945;&#960;&#949;&#973;&#959;&#965;&#956;&#949; &#959; &#941;&#957;&#945;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#940;&#955;&#955;&#959;&#957;.</em></p><p><em>&#904;&#964;&#963;&#953;, &#960;&#961;&#941;&#960;&#949;&#953; &#957;&#945; &#945;&#957;&#945;&#961;&#969;&#964;&#951;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#945;&#957;&#949;&#943;&#962;: &#904;&#967;&#949;&#953; &#945;&#955;&#942;&#952;&#949;&#953;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#956;&#943;&#945; &#963;&#951;&#956;&#945;&#963;&#943;&#945; &#951; &#945;&#957;&#952;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#953;&#957;&#951; &#948;&#951;&#956;&#953;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#947;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#945;;</em></p><p><em>&#927;&#953; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#963;&#972;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#953; &#940;&#957;&#952;&#961;&#969;&#960;&#959;&#953; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#945;&#963;&#967;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#973;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#973; &#956;&#949; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#960;&#959;&#943;&#951;&#963;&#951;, &#963;&#969;&#963;&#964;&#940;; &#924;&#941;&#967;&#961;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#949;&#952;&#945;&#943;&#957;&#949;&#953; &#959; &#960;&#945;&#964;&#941;&#961;&#945;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962;, &#960;&#940;&#957;&#949; &#963;&#949; &#956;&#953;&#945; &#954;&#951;&#948;&#949;&#943;&#945;, &#967;&#940;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#941;&#957;&#945; &#960;&#945;&#953;&#948;&#943;, &#954;&#940;&#960;&#959;&#953;&#959;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#961;&#945;&#947;&#943;&#950;&#949;&#953; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#961;&#948;&#953;&#940;, &#948;&#949;&#957; &#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#945;&#947;&#945;&#960;&#959;&#973;&#957; &#960;&#953;&#945;. &#922;&#945;&#953; &#958;&#945;&#966;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#947;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#945;&#960;&#949;&#955;&#960;&#953;&#963;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#959;&#953; &#957;&#945; &#946;&#961;&#959;&#965;&#957; &#957;&#972;&#951;&#956;&#945; &#963;&#949; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#942; &#964;&#951; &#950;&#969;&#942;. &#904;&#967;&#949;&#953; &#954;&#945;&#957;&#949;&#943;&#962; &#957;&#953;&#974;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#964;&#941; &#964;&#941;&#964;&#959;&#953;&#945; &#955;&#973;&#960;&#951;; &#928;&#974;&#962; &#946;&#947;&#942;&#954;&#949; &#964;&#972;&#964;&#949; &#945;&#960;&#8217; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#972; &#964;&#959; &#950;&#959;&#966;&#949;&#961;&#972; &#963;&#973;&#957;&#957;&#949;&#966;&#959;;</em></p><p><em>&#905; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959; &#945;&#957;&#964;&#943;&#952;&#949;&#964;&#959;: &#922;&#940;&#964;&#953; &#965;&#960;&#941;&#961;&#959;&#967;&#959;. &#915;&#957;&#969;&#961;&#943;&#950;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#954;&#940;&#960;&#959;&#953;&#959;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#951; &#954;&#945;&#961;&#948;&#953;&#940; &#963;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#940;&#949;&#953; &#957;&#945; &#963;&#960;&#940;&#963;&#949;&#953;. &#932;&#959;&#957; &#945;&#947;&#945;&#960;&#940;&#962; &#964;&#972;&#963;&#959; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#946;&#955;&#941;&#960;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#952;&#945;&#961;&#940;. &#925;&#953;&#974;&#952;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#960;&#961;&#945;&#947;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#950;&#945;&#955;&#940;&#948;&#945;. &#904;&#967;&#949;&#953; &#957;&#953;&#974;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#964;&#941; &#954;&#945;&#957;&#949;&#943;&#962; &#941;&#964;&#963;&#953;; &#932;&#953; &#956;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#965;&#956;&#946;&#945;&#943;&#957;&#949;&#953;;</em></p><p><em>&#922;&#953; &#949;&#954;&#949;&#943;&#957;&#951; &#964;&#951; &#963;&#964;&#953;&#947;&#956;&#942; &#951; &#964;&#941;&#967;&#957;&#951; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#965;&#964;&#941;&#955;&#949;&#953;&#945;. &#917;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#951; &#959;&#965;&#963;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#950;&#969;&#942;&#962;. &#932;&#951;&#957; &#967;&#961;&#949;&#953;&#945;&#950;&#972;&#956;&#945;&#963;&#964;&#949;. &#932;&#953; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#955;&#959;&#953;&#960;&#972;&#957;; &#919; &#945;&#957;&#952;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#953;&#957;&#951; &#948;&#951;&#956;&#953;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#947;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#951; &#943;&#948;&#953;&#945; &#951; &#966;&#973;&#963;&#951; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#949;&#954;&#948;&#951;&#955;&#974;&#957;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#956;&#941;&#963;&#945; &#956;&#945;&#962;.</em></p><p><em>&#924;&#949; &#964;&#959; &#957;&#945; &#964;&#961;&#945;&#947;&#959;&#965;&#948;&#940;&#956;&#949; &#964;&#959; &#964;&#961;&#945;&#947;&#959;&#973;&#948;&#953; &#956;&#945;&#962;, &#957;&#945; &#948;&#953;&#951;&#947;&#959;&#973;&#956;&#945;&#963;&#964;&#949; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#943;&#945; &#956;&#945;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; 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&#972;&#964;&#953; &#949;&#943;&#956;&#945;&#963;&#964;&#949; &#945;&#960;&#955;&#940; &#940;&#957;&#952;&#961;&#969;&#960;&#959;&#953;.</em>&#8221;</p><p>&#906;&#952;&#945;&#957; &#935;&#959;&#954; &#963;&#967;&#949;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#940; &#956;&#949; &#964;&#951; &#963;&#951;&#956;&#945;&#963;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#945;&#957;&#952;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#953;&#957;&#951;&#962; &#948;&#951;&#956;&#953;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#947;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#945;&#962;, <a href="https://www.managemagazine.com/article-bank/personal-development/ethan-hawke-give-yourself-permission-to-be-creative/">&#956;&#941;&#961;&#959;&#962; &#959;&#956;&#953;&#955;&#943;&#945;&#962;</a> &#964;&#959;&#965; &#964;&#959; 2020 <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/ethan_hawke_give_yourself_permission_to_be_creative">&#963;&#964;&#945; &#960;&#955;&#945;&#943;&#963;&#953;&#945; &#949;&#957;&#972;&#962; Ted</a>. &#924;&#949;&#964;&#940;&#966;&#961;&#945;&#963;&#951;/&#945;&#960;&#972;&#948;&#959;&#963;&#951; &#922;&#969;&#957;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#957;&#964;&#943;&#957;&#959;&#962; &#924;&#951;&#964;&#961;&#959;&#973;&#948;&#951;&#962;.</p><div id="youtube2-FJYIH2xcrME" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;FJYIH2xcrME&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/FJYIH2xcrME?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><div id="youtube2--2U0Ivkn2Ds" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;-2U0Ivkn2Ds&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/-2U0Ivkn2Ds?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; 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To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free Subscriber. By becoming a paid subscriber you gain access to a series of <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/a-death-foretold">articles on Modern Greek History</a> and unlock future features available to the Studying History paid subscribers only.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The dog of Xanthippos: The epitome of loyalty ]]></title><description><![CDATA[And animal abuse as a warning sign]]></description><link>https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/dog-of-xanthippos-epitome-loyalty</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/dog-of-xanthippos-epitome-loyalty</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Studying History]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 26 Aug 2025 22:04:32 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qd6m!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e88badc-03d5-4834-a1a4-84c1af581536_3667x2692.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h6>&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;</h6><p>In 480 BC, when the Greeks under Leonidas were defeated at Thermopylae, the road to Athens was now open to the Persians. Earlier, Themistocles, following his instinct, using his rhetorical skill and various ruses had convinced the Athenians to invest in the "wooden walls," as Pythia herself suggested at the Oracle of Delphi, by building the largest fleet in the Greek world. In the same way, he persuaded most of them to evacuate their city, leaving it prey to the raging Persians, who took care those who were not convinced and locked themselves behind the wooden walls of the Acropolis.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qd6m!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e88badc-03d5-4834-a1a4-84c1af581536_3667x2692.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qd6m!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e88badc-03d5-4834-a1a4-84c1af581536_3667x2692.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qd6m!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e88badc-03d5-4834-a1a4-84c1af581536_3667x2692.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qd6m!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e88badc-03d5-4834-a1a4-84c1af581536_3667x2692.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qd6m!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e88badc-03d5-4834-a1a4-84c1af581536_3667x2692.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qd6m!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e88badc-03d5-4834-a1a4-84c1af581536_3667x2692.jpeg" width="1456" height="1069" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0e88badc-03d5-4834-a1a4-84c1af581536_3667x2692.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1069,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:4021875,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/172026249?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e88badc-03d5-4834-a1a4-84c1af581536_3667x2692.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qd6m!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e88badc-03d5-4834-a1a4-84c1af581536_3667x2692.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qd6m!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e88badc-03d5-4834-a1a4-84c1af581536_3667x2692.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qd6m!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e88badc-03d5-4834-a1a4-84c1af581536_3667x2692.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qd6m!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e88badc-03d5-4834-a1a4-84c1af581536_3667x2692.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Ptolemaic (2nd century BC) mosaic emblema from Alexandria with the depiction of a dog seated next to a gilded vessel. Bibliotheca Alexandrina Antiquities Museum. <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14531/dog-mosaic-from-alexandria">World History Encyclopedia</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Among those who were convinced was the father of the then-teenage Pericles, Xanthippos. A wealthy aristocrat, a well-known politician, and a brave soldier, the myth goes that Xanthippos arrived at Piraeus with his family to be transported with other Athenians to Salamis. However, his loyal dog followed him there but never boarded either because there were too many people and little space, or because someone threw him off the trireme, and thus he remained on the shore.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Seeing his master depart, sailing to the opposite shore, the dog could not bear the thought of separation. He plunged into the water and began swimming alongside the trireme (as <a href="https://www.greek-language.gr/digitalResources/ancient_greek/library/browse.html?text_id=100&amp;page=8">Plutarch said</a>, &#8220;&#964;&#951; &#964;&#961;&#953;&#942;&#961;&#949;&#953; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#945;&#957;&#951;&#967;&#972;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959;&#962;&#8221;).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pFh1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb9e7b2a-4927-4501-9d2d-3aba7ba9dd22_1280x853.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pFh1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb9e7b2a-4927-4501-9d2d-3aba7ba9dd22_1280x853.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pFh1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb9e7b2a-4927-4501-9d2d-3aba7ba9dd22_1280x853.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pFh1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb9e7b2a-4927-4501-9d2d-3aba7ba9dd22_1280x853.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pFh1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb9e7b2a-4927-4501-9d2d-3aba7ba9dd22_1280x853.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pFh1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb9e7b2a-4927-4501-9d2d-3aba7ba9dd22_1280x853.jpeg" width="1280" height="853" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/eb9e7b2a-4927-4501-9d2d-3aba7ba9dd22_1280x853.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:853,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:278191,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/172026249?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb9e7b2a-4927-4501-9d2d-3aba7ba9dd22_1280x853.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pFh1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb9e7b2a-4927-4501-9d2d-3aba7ba9dd22_1280x853.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pFh1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb9e7b2a-4927-4501-9d2d-3aba7ba9dd22_1280x853.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pFh1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb9e7b2a-4927-4501-9d2d-3aba7ba9dd22_1280x853.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pFh1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb9e7b2a-4927-4501-9d2d-3aba7ba9dd22_1280x853.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The reconstructed ancient Athenian trireme Olympias. photo credit: George E. Koronaios, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympias_%28trireme%29#/media/File:The_trireme_Olympias_on_23_February_2019.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>When the dog finally reached Salamis, he collapsed exhausted onto the sand. Some people then called Xanthippos, who ran to his faithful dog, but the dog had already breathed his last. Everyone was impressed by the feat and the dog's loyalty, but none more moved than his master, Xanthippos. With tears in his eyes, he buried his beloved dog right there, at the spot that became known as the  "Dog&#8217;s Tomb" (&#922;&#965;&#957;&#972;&#962; &#931;&#942;&#956;&#945;). This exact spot is also where the heroes of the Battle of Salamis were buried a few weeks later and which is still called "Kynosoura" (Dog&#8217;s Tail) to this day.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jx6q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16d697f6-553c-4eff-80d2-f66b41f74520_500x332.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jx6q!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16d697f6-553c-4eff-80d2-f66b41f74520_500x332.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jx6q!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16d697f6-553c-4eff-80d2-f66b41f74520_500x332.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jx6q!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16d697f6-553c-4eff-80d2-f66b41f74520_500x332.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jx6q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16d697f6-553c-4eff-80d2-f66b41f74520_500x332.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jx6q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16d697f6-553c-4eff-80d2-f66b41f74520_500x332.jpeg" width="564" height="374.496" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/16d697f6-553c-4eff-80d2-f66b41f74520_500x332.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:332,&quot;width&quot;:500,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:564,&quot;bytes&quot;:16227,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/172026249?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16d697f6-553c-4eff-80d2-f66b41f74520_500x332.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jx6q!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16d697f6-553c-4eff-80d2-f66b41f74520_500x332.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jx6q!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16d697f6-553c-4eff-80d2-f66b41f74520_500x332.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jx6q!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16d697f6-553c-4eff-80d2-f66b41f74520_500x332.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jx6q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16d697f6-553c-4eff-80d2-f66b41f74520_500x332.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Monument for the Battle of Salamis in Kynosoura</figcaption></figure></div><p>In 2004 AD, 2,484 years after the death of Xanthippos&#8217;s dog and the Battle of Salamis, Colleen Paige, an animal rights advocate and author, established International Dog Day. The 26th of August every year since then, marks the love, value, and selfless devotion that dogs offer to humans. It is dedicated to reminding people of the significance of dogs as companions, protectors, and partners while also raising awareness about adopting strays and treating animals well. Additionally, it highlights the long and special relationship between humans and dogs throughout history and everyday life.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory"><span>Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee</span></a></p><p>Despite all the efforts to raise awareness and the love of man's most loyal friend, we often hear and read many horrific stories about dogs and other animals being abused in sometimes the most imaginative ways.</p><p>However, the stories of horror have not multiplied, nor have people suddenly become more depraved. Those of us who grew up until the 80s, grew up in an environment where almost no one was bothered when neighborhood children tortured stray cats, or when our grandmother threw newborn puppies into the trash can. Such incidents are clearly fewer today than in the past, but now, thanks to the internet and the media, these cases become widely known&#8212;and fortunately so&#8212;because they increasingly raise public awareness.</p><p>Moreover, official studies now link animal abuse with human abuse. One who can shamelessly poison the neighborhoud cats or burn a puppy alive will not stop there. They will first abuse their close ones and then anyone else who triggers their sick psyche.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>This is because the behavior of harming animals, whether by a child or an adult, is a clinical symptom of specific mental disorders. In childhood and adolescence, child psychiatrists classify it as conduct disorder, while in adults it is a primary characteristic of antisocial personality disorder.</p><p>Antisocial personality disorder is a relatively recent term, introduced in the 1980s to replace the terms "psychopathy" and "sociopathy," which were mainly used in the legal context. The main features of antisocial personality disorder include a chronic and complete disregard for the needs, feelings, and rights of others. These individuals characteristically lack empathy, struggle to conform to moral and social rules, and exhibit unstable, impulsive, and often aggressive behavior, which frequently leads them into trouble with the law. Finally, there is a complete absence of guilt and remorse for their actions.</p><p>In short, animal abuse and killing acts as a warning bell for worse behavior, and one could say that animals are often the first victims of a violent person. Professor Dimitris Doukas of the Veterinary School of the University of Thessaly, a veterinary forensic expert whose thesis addresses the relationship between animal abuse and the mental health of the perpetrator, <a href="https://www.lifo.gr/now/greece/profil-ayton-poy-kakopoioyn-kai-skotonoyn-zoa">stated in 2019 in LiFo</a>: "It is proven that people who are violent towards animals will eventually be violent towards humans as well. Children often imitate adults. Children who grow up in violent environments imitate adults. Also, many children who abuse animals have themselves been victims of domestic violence or bullying. Here lies the paradox. A person who has been a victim of violent behavior by others during this sensitive age often finds even weaker creatures, such as animals, on whom to exert violence as a reaction."</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rnZt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47ee483f-1f33-4bec-b12c-5c32fad83ca3_1362x1474.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rnZt!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47ee483f-1f33-4bec-b12c-5c32fad83ca3_1362x1474.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rnZt!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47ee483f-1f33-4bec-b12c-5c32fad83ca3_1362x1474.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rnZt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47ee483f-1f33-4bec-b12c-5c32fad83ca3_1362x1474.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rnZt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47ee483f-1f33-4bec-b12c-5c32fad83ca3_1362x1474.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rnZt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47ee483f-1f33-4bec-b12c-5c32fad83ca3_1362x1474.jpeg" width="650" height="703.4508076358296" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rnZt!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47ee483f-1f33-4bec-b12c-5c32fad83ca3_1362x1474.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rnZt!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47ee483f-1f33-4bec-b12c-5c32fad83ca3_1362x1474.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rnZt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47ee483f-1f33-4bec-b12c-5c32fad83ca3_1362x1474.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rnZt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47ee483f-1f33-4bec-b12c-5c32fad83ca3_1362x1474.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#8220;Who&#8217;s a good boy?&#8221;. Mosaic Panel with Seated Dog, Byzantine, Syria, 5th/6th century, Art Institute of Chicago, Photo by Lucas Livingston.</figcaption></figure></div><p>What do all these behaviors of abuse and the horrific crimes against animals ultimately reflect about society itself? Certainly, a society in crisis with a deficit of animal-loving culture. Tolerance of violence against animals shows that we do not understand the connection between the various forms of violence in society. "What we need to realize when we witness incidents of abuse or criminal neglect is that the person who harms dogs and cats may at the same time be violent toward their children, their partner, or the elderly&#8212;in other words, a person who poses a threat to harmonious social and interpersonal relationships," adds Dr. Doukas.</p><p>In recent years, stricter and clearer laws have been enacted worldwide, specialized law enforcement units have been formed, and people are more sensitized than ever before.</p><p>There is only one obstacle: indifference.</p><p>The indifference of witnesses and often even of the law enforcement agencies themselves. What complainants need to do is arm themselves with patience and calmness. They should be politely persistent, concise, and straightforward, sometimes seeking assistance from one of the many animal welfare organizations. This is my advice as a police officer. Now, if you ask, "You&#8217;re a cop?!" that means you don't open your <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">newsletter</a>. &#128578;</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v5Fn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9d27829-4a06-46f5-91a0-4dc7ce57e170_364x480.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v5Fn!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9d27829-4a06-46f5-91a0-4dc7ce57e170_364x480.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v5Fn!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9d27829-4a06-46f5-91a0-4dc7ce57e170_364x480.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v5Fn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9d27829-4a06-46f5-91a0-4dc7ce57e170_364x480.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v5Fn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9d27829-4a06-46f5-91a0-4dc7ce57e170_364x480.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v5Fn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9d27829-4a06-46f5-91a0-4dc7ce57e170_364x480.jpeg" width="456" height="601.3186813186813" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b9d27829-4a06-46f5-91a0-4dc7ce57e170_364x480.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:480,&quot;width&quot;:364,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:456,&quot;bytes&quot;:95883,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/172026249?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9d27829-4a06-46f5-91a0-4dc7ce57e170_364x480.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v5Fn!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9d27829-4a06-46f5-91a0-4dc7ce57e170_364x480.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v5Fn!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9d27829-4a06-46f5-91a0-4dc7ce57e170_364x480.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v5Fn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9d27829-4a06-46f5-91a0-4dc7ce57e170_364x480.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v5Fn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9d27829-4a06-46f5-91a0-4dc7ce57e170_364x480.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong>Cave Canem (Beware of the dog) Mosaic - 1st century BC from Pompeii</strong></figcaption></figure></div><p>And so, with patience, persistence, and by tackling indifference, we will gradually change not only our non-animal-friendly mentality but also the world itself.</p><p>A romantic you call me? Perhaps. But I&#8217;ve tried it, and it works. What about you?</p><p>Until next time, &#7952;&#961;&#961;&#8182;&#963;&#952;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#949;&#8016;&#948;&#945;&#953;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#949;&#8150;&#964;&#949;. </p><p><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">About the author</a></p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/dog-of-xanthippos-epitome-loyalty?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Remember: Sharing is caring!</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/dog-of-xanthippos-epitome-loyalty?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/dog-of-xanthippos-epitome-loyalty?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><p>Whether it's just the price of a coffee or a book, every contribution matters. 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Subcribe to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><h6>&#945;&#954;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#954;&#949;&#943;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959; &#963;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#940;</h6><h4>&#927; &#963;&#954;&#973;&#955;&#959;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#926;&#940;&#957;&#952;&#953;&#960;&#960;&#959;&#965;: &#919; &#949;&#960;&#953;&#964;&#959;&#956;&#942; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#960;&#943;&#963;&#964;&#951;&#962;</h4><h5>&#954;&#945;&#953; &#951; &#954;&#945;&#954;&#959;&#960;&#959;&#943;&#951;&#963;&#951; &#950;&#974;&#969;&#957; &#963;&#945;&#957; 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KoDI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fafada897-c680-478c-b58d-3c06fee723f3_3667x2692.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KoDI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fafada897-c680-478c-b58d-3c06fee723f3_3667x2692.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KoDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fafada897-c680-478c-b58d-3c06fee723f3_3667x2692.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KoDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fafada897-c680-478c-b58d-3c06fee723f3_3667x2692.jpeg" width="1456" height="1069" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/afada897-c680-478c-b58d-3c06fee723f3_3667x2692.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1069,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:4021875,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/172026249?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fafada897-c680-478c-b58d-3c06fee723f3_3667x2692.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KoDI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fafada897-c680-478c-b58d-3c06fee723f3_3667x2692.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KoDI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fafada897-c680-478c-b58d-3c06fee723f3_3667x2692.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KoDI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fafada897-c680-478c-b58d-3c06fee723f3_3667x2692.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KoDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fafada897-c680-478c-b58d-3c06fee723f3_3667x2692.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Ptolemaic (2nd century BC) mosaic emblema from Alexandria with the depiction of a dog seated next to a gilded vessel. Bibliotheca Alexandrina Antiquities Museum. World History Encyclopedia</figcaption></figure></div><p>&#924;&#941;&#963;&#945; &#963;&#949; &#945;&#965;&#964;&#959;&#973;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#960;&#949;&#943;&#963;&#964;&#951;&#954;&#945;&#957; &#972;&#956;&#969;&#962;, &#942;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#959; &#960;&#945;&#964;&#941;&#961;&#945;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#966;&#951;&#946;&#959;&#965; &#964;&#972;&#964;&#949; &#928;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#955;&#942;, &#959; &#926;&#940;&#957;&#952;&#953;&#960;&#960;&#959;&#962;. &#917;&#973;&#960;&#959;&#961;&#959;&#962; &#945;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#954;&#961;&#940;&#964;&#951;&#962;, &#947;&#957;&#969;&#963;&#964;&#972;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#947;&#949;&#957;&#957;&#945;&#943;&#959;&#962; &#963;&#964;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#953;&#969;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#962;, &#959; &#956;&#973;&#952;&#959;&#962; &#952;&#941;&#955;&#949;&#953; &#964;&#959;&#957; 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&#8220;&#922;&#965;&#957;&#972;&#963;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#945;&#8221;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bepc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5898b29b-0348-4358-b2c6-0b0287af27ba_1280x853.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bepc!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5898b29b-0348-4358-b2c6-0b0287af27ba_1280x853.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bepc!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5898b29b-0348-4358-b2c6-0b0287af27ba_1280x853.jpeg 848w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bepc!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5898b29b-0348-4358-b2c6-0b0287af27ba_1280x853.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bepc!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5898b29b-0348-4358-b2c6-0b0287af27ba_1280x853.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bepc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5898b29b-0348-4358-b2c6-0b0287af27ba_1280x853.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bepc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5898b29b-0348-4358-b2c6-0b0287af27ba_1280x853.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The reconstructed ancient Athenian trireme Olympias. photo credit: George E. Koronaios, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympias_%28trireme%29#/media/File:The_trireme_Olympias_on_23_February_2019.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>&#932;&#959; 2004 &#956;.&#935;., 2484 &#967;&#961;&#972;&#957;&#953;&#945; &#956;&#949;&#964;&#940; &#964;&#959; &#952;&#940;&#957;&#945;&#964;&#959; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#963;&#954;&#973;&#955;&#959;&#965; &#964;&#959;&#965; &#926;&#940;&#957;&#952;&#953;&#960;&#960;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#951; &#925;&#945;&#965;&#956;&#945;&#967;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#931;&#945;&#955;&#945;&#956;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#962;, &#954;&#945;&#952;&#953;&#949;&#961;&#974;&#952;&#951;&#954;&#949; &#945;&#960;&#972; &#964;&#951;&#957; Colleen Paige, &#965;&#960;&#949;&#961;&#945;&#963;&#960;&#943;&#963;&#964;&#961;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#948;&#953;&#954;&#945;&#953;&#969;&#956;&#940;&#964;&#969;&#957; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#950;&#974;&#969;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#953; 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&#956;&#945;&#954;&#961;&#972;&#967;&#961;&#959;&#957;&#951; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#953;&#948;&#953;&#945;&#943;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#951; &#963;&#967;&#941;&#963;&#951; &#960;&#959;&#965; &#941;&#967;&#949;&#953; &#945;&#957;&#945;&#960;&#964;&#965;&#967;&#952;&#949;&#943; &#945;&#957;&#940;&#956;&#949;&#963;&#945; &#963;&#949; &#945;&#957;&#952;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#963;&#954;&#973;&#955;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#956;&#941;&#963;&#969; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#952;&#951;&#956;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#957;&#972;&#964;&#951;&#964;&#945;&#962;.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://buymeacoffee.com/studyinghistory&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Support my work/Buy me a Frapp&#233; coffee&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#8220;Who&#8217;s a good boy?&#8221;. 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&#964;&#949;&#955;&#949;&#965;&#964;&#945;&#943;&#959; &#949;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#951; &#963;&#965;&#956;&#946;&#959;&#965;&#955;&#942; &#956;&#959;&#965; &#969;&#962; &#945;&#963;&#964;&#965;&#957;&#959;&#956;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#962;. &#932;&#953; &#952;&#945; &#960;&#949;&#953; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#958;&#941;&#961;&#949;&#964;&#949; &#972;&#964;&#953; &#949;&#943;&#956;&#945;&#953; &#945;&#963;&#964;&#965;&#957;&#959;&#956;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#962;; &#913;&#965;&#964;&#972; &#963;&#951;&#956;&#945;&#943;&#957;&#949;&#953; &#972;&#964;&#953; &#948;&#949;&#957; &#945;&#957;&#959;&#943;&#947;&#949;&#964;&#949; &#964;&#959; <a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">newsletter &#963;&#945;&#962;</a>. &#128578;</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q6gO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a43ebe6-b693-4bce-9568-d2b8fb9f48d3_364x480.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q6gO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a43ebe6-b693-4bce-9568-d2b8fb9f48d3_364x480.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q6gO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a43ebe6-b693-4bce-9568-d2b8fb9f48d3_364x480.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q6gO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a43ebe6-b693-4bce-9568-d2b8fb9f48d3_364x480.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q6gO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a43ebe6-b693-4bce-9568-d2b8fb9f48d3_364x480.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q6gO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a43ebe6-b693-4bce-9568-d2b8fb9f48d3_364x480.jpeg" width="536" height="706.8131868131868" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5a43ebe6-b693-4bce-9568-d2b8fb9f48d3_364x480.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:480,&quot;width&quot;:364,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:536,&quot;bytes&quot;:95883,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.studyinghistory.gr/i/172026249?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a43ebe6-b693-4bce-9568-d2b8fb9f48d3_364x480.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q6gO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a43ebe6-b693-4bce-9568-d2b8fb9f48d3_364x480.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q6gO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a43ebe6-b693-4bce-9568-d2b8fb9f48d3_364x480.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q6gO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a43ebe6-b693-4bce-9568-d2b8fb9f48d3_364x480.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q6gO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a43ebe6-b693-4bce-9568-d2b8fb9f48d3_364x480.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Cave Canem (Beware of the dog) Mosaic - 1st century BC from Pompeii</figcaption></figure></div><p>&#922;&#945;&#953; &#954;&#940;&#960;&#969;&#962; &#941;&#964;&#963;&#953;, &#956;&#949; &#965;&#960;&#959;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#942;, &#949;&#960;&#953;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#942; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#940;&#964;&#945;&#958;&#951; &#964;&#951;&#962; &#945;&#948;&#953;&#945;&#966;&#959;&#961;&#943;&#945;&#962;, &#952;&#945; &#945;&#955;&#955;&#940;&#958;&#959;&#965;&#956;&#949; &#963;&#953;&#947;&#940;-&#963;&#953;&#947;&#940;, &#972;&#967;&#953; &#956;&#972;&#957;&#959; &#964;&#951; &#956;&#951; &#966;&#953;&#955;&#959;&#950;&#969;&#953;&#954;&#942; &#957;&#959;&#959;&#964;&#961;&#959;&#960;&#943;&#945; &#956;&#945;&#962;, &#945;&#955;&#955;&#940; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#959;&#957; &#954;&#972;&#963;&#956;&#959;.</p><p>&#929;&#959;&#956;&#945;&#957;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#972;&#962;; &#906;&#963;&#969;&#962;. &#917;&#947;&#974; &#964;&#959; &#941;&#967;&#969; &#948;&#959;&#954;&#953;&#956;&#940;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#972;&#956;&#969;&#962;, &#954;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#953;&#940;&#957;&#949;&#953;. &#917;&#963;&#973;;</p><p>&#924;&#941;&#967;&#961;&#953; &#964;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#960;&#972;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#951; &#966;&#959;&#961;&#940;, &#7952;&#961;&#961;&#8182;&#963;&#952;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#949;&#8016;&#948;&#945;&#953;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#949;&#8150;&#964;&#949;.</p><p><a href="https://www.studyinghistory.gr/p/i-grow-old-always-learning">About the author</a></p><p class="button-wrapper" 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